www.swisspaininstitute.ch

home

Home

home

Zurück

Literatur Liste

Suchen...

 

alphabetisch

thematisch

     
  1. Abdel-Ghaffar ME, Abdulatif M, Al-Ghamdi A, Mowaf H, Anwar A (1998) Epidural ketamine reduces post-operative epidural PCA consumption of fentanyl/bupivacaine. Can J Anaesth 45: 103-109
     
  2. Adam F, Libier M, Oszustowicz T, Lefebvre D, Beal J, Meynadier J (1999) Preoperative small-dose ketamine has no preemptive analgesic effect in patients undergoing total mastectomy. Anesth Analg 89:444-447
     
  3. Adams NJ, Plane MB, Fleming MF, Mundt MP, Saunders LA, Stauffacher EA (2001 ) Opioids and the treatment of chronic pain in a primary care sample. J Pain Symptom Manage 22:791-96
     
  4. Adriaensen H (1988) Opiold drugs in chronic non-malignant pain? Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 39 (Suppl 2):67-70
     
  5. Ahmedzai S (1997) New approaches to pain control in patients with cancer. Eur J Cancer Part A 33 (Suppl 6): S8 - S14
     
  6. Aló KM (1999) Lead positioning and programming strategies in the treatment of complex pain. Neuromodulation 2:165-170
     
  7. Aló KM, Gohel R, Corey CL (2001) Sacral nerve root stimulation for the treatment of urge incontinence and detrusor dysfunction utilizing a cephalocaudal intraspinal method of lead insertion: a case report. Neuromodulation;4:53-58
     
  8. Alaranta H, Rytökoski U, Rissanen A, Talo S, Ronnemaa T, Puuka P, Karppi SL, Videman T, Kallio V, Slatis P (1994) Intensive physical and psychosocial training program for patients with chronic low back pain. A controlled clinical study. Spine 19: 1339-1349
     
  9. Aldrete JA (1995) Reduction of nausea and vomiting from epidural opioids by adding droperidol to the infusate in home-bound patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 19:54447
     
  10. Aldrete JA (1997) Extended epidural catheter infusions with analgesics for patients with noncancer pain at their homes. Reg Anesth 22:35-42
     
  11. Aldrete JA, Couto da Silva JM (2000) Leg edema from intrathecal opiate infusions. Eur J Pain 4:361-365
     
  12. Aldrete JA, da Silva JMC (2000) Leg edema from intrathecal opiate infusions. Eur J Pain 4:361-65
     
  13. Alexander-Williams JM, Rowbotham DJ (1998) Novel routes of opioid administration. Br J Anaesth 81:3-7
     
  14. Ali J, Yaffe CS, Serrette C (1981 ) The effect of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation on postoperative pain and pulmonary function. Surgery 89:507-12
     
  15. Allen G, Galer BS, Schwartz L (1999) Epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome: a retrospective chart review of 134 patients. Pain 80:539-544
     
  16. Alm WA, Gold ML, Weil LS (1979) Evaluation of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in podiatric surgery. J Am Podiatry Assoc 69:53742
     
  17. Altmaier EM, Lehmann TR, Russel DW, Weinstein JN, Kao CF (1992) The effectiveness of psychological inter ventions for the rehabilitation of low back pain: a randomized controlled trial evaluation. Pain 49:329-335
     
  18. Amer A, Meyerson B (1988) Can opiates relieve neuropathic pain? Pain 35:366-67 (Reply)
     
  19. Amer A, Meyerson B (1988) Lack of analgesic effect of opioids on neuropathic and idiopathic forms of pain. Pain 33:1 1 -23
     
  20. Ammer K (1994) Elektrotherapie. Wien Med Wochenschr 144:60-65
     
  21. Ammer K, Schartelmüller T (1994) Uberprüfung der analgetischen Wirkung einer einmaligen Prokainiontophorese. Phys Rehab Kur Med 4:227-28
     
  22. Andersen S, Leikersfeldt G (1996) Management of chronic non-malignant pain. Br J Clin Pract 50:324-30
     
  23. Anderson VC, Burchiel KJ (1999) A prospective study of long-term intrathecal morphine in the management of chronic nonmalignant pain. Neurosurgery 44:289-300; discussion 300-301
     
  24. Angel IF,Gouid HJ, Carey ME, Penn RD (1998) Intrathecal morphine pump as a treatment option in chronic pain of nonmalignant origin. Surg Neurol 49:92-99
     
  25. Apfelbach, J. (Hg.) (1996): Ratgeber Schmerz. (Broschüre kann bei ZDF, Redaktion Gesundheit und Natur, Postfach 40 40, 55100 Mainz angefordert werden), 252 Seiten
     
  26. Arens, M. (1998). Ubergabe im Hospiz. Ich begleite Sterbende und deren Angehörige. Ferber und Partner, 113 Seiten, DM 18,00
     
  27. Arkinstall W, Sandler A, Goughnour B, Babul N, Harsanyi Z, Darke AC (1995) Efficacy of controlled-release codeine in chronic non-malignant pain: a randomked, placebo-controlled study. Pain 62:169-78
     
  28. Aronoff GM, Evans WD, Enders PL (1985) A review of follow-up-studies of multidisciplinary pain units. In: GM Aronoff (Ed) Evaluation and treatment of chronic pain. Urban & Schwarzenberg Baltimore, p 511
     
  29. Ashbum MA, Gauthier M, Love G, Basta S, Gaylord B, Kessler K (1997) lontophoretic administration of 2% lidocaine HCI and 1:100,000 epinephrine in humans. Clin J Pain 13:22-26
     
  30. Ashbum MA, Stanley TH (1992) Drug delivery systems in the 1990's. Int Anesth Res Soc Review Course Lectures 1 992:1 29-35
     
  31. Ashbum MA, Streisand J, Zhang J, Love G, Rowin M, Niu S, Klevit JK, Kroep JR, Mertens MJ (1995) The iontopho resis of fentanyl citrate in humans. Anesthesiology 82:1146-54
     
  32. Ashburn MA, Stephen RL, Ackerman E, Petelenz TJ, Hare B, Pace NL, Hofman M (1992) lontophoretic delivery of morphine for postoperative analgesia. J Pain Symptom Mange 7:27-33
     
  33. Ashburn MA, Stephen RL, Petelenz TJ, Hofmann M (1988) Controlled iontophoretic delivery of morphine HCI for post-operative pain relief. Anesthesiology 69:A348
     
  34. Backonja M, Arndt G, Gombar KA, Check B, Zimmermann M (1994) Response of chronic neuropathic pain syndromes to ketamine: A preliminary study. Pain 56:51-57
     
  35. Baker SBC, Wong CC, Wong PC, Jenkins LC (1980) Transcutaneous electrostimulation in the management of postoperative pain: initial report. Can Anaesth Soc J 27: 150-55
     
  36. Barolat G (1999) A prospective multicenter study to assess the efficacy of spinal cord stimulation utilizing a multichannel radio-frequency system for the treatment of intractable low back and lower extremity pain. Initial considerations and methodology. Neuromodulation 2: 179-183
     
  37. Barolat G (2000) Spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain management. Arch Med Res 2000 31:258-262
     
  38. Barolat G, Oakley JC, Law JD, North RB, Ketcik B, Sharan A (2001) Epidural spinal cord stimulation with a multiple electrode paddle lead is effective in treating intractable low back pain. Neuromodulation 4 :59-66
     
  39. Barolat G, Schwartzman R, Woo R (1989) Epidural spinal cord stimulation in the management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 53:29-39
     
  40. Barolin, GS (1976) Uber das Zusammenspiel psychischer und somatischer Faktoren beim Kopfschmerz. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 44:597414
     
  41. Barolin, GS (1981) Rationelle Kopfschmerzerfassung. Therapiewoche 31:1142-1149
     
  42. Basler HD (1995) Interdisziplinäre Kooperation in der Prävention und Therapie des Rückenschmerzes. Schmerz 9:93-95
     
  43. Basler HD, Jäkle C, Kröner-Herwig B (1996) Cognitive-behavioral therapy for chronic headache at German pain centers. Int J Rehab Health 2:235-252
     
  44. Basler HD, Jäkle C, Kröner-Herwig B (1997) Incorporation of cognitive-behavioral treatment into the medical care of chronic low back patients: a controlled randomized study in German pain treatment centers. Patient Education and Counseling 31:1 13-124
     
  45. Basler HD, Kröner-Herwig B (Hrsg) (1998). Psychologische Therapie bei Kopf- und Rückenschmerzen - Ein Schmerzbewältigungsprogramm zur Gruppen- und Einzeltherapie. Quintessenz-Verlag München (2. Auflage)
     
  46. Basler HD, Turk DC (1997) Brauchen wir multidisziplinäre Schmerzzentren? Psychomed 9:21-25
     
  47. Bassols A, Bosch F, Campillo M, Canellas M, Banos JE (1999) An epidemiological comparison of pain complaints in the general pouplation of Catalonia (Spain). Pain 83:9-16
     
  48. Batenhorst RL, Kaurer RS, Bertch KA, Koshy M, Hyman L (1987) Patient controlled analgesia in uncomplicated sickle cell pain crisis. Blood 70 (Suppl 1):88
     
  49. Bayindir O, Paker T, Akpinar B, Erenturk S, Askin D, Aaytac A (1991) Use of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the control of postoperative chest pain after cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 5:589-91
     
  50. Becher, F. (1990): Rheuma hat viele Gesichter. Der Ratgeber für den medizinisch interessierten Laien. Deutsche Rheuma-Liga Bundesverband e.V., Rheinallee 69, 53173 Bonn 2, 126 Seiten
     
  51. Beck SL, Falkson G (2001) Prevalence and management of cancer pain in South Africa. Pain 94:75-84
     
  52. Becker N, Hojsted J, Sjogren P, Eriksen J (1998) Sociodemographic predictors of treatment outcome in chronic non-malignant pain patients. Do patients receiving or applying for Disability Pension benefit from multidisciplinary pain treatment? Pain 77:279-287
     
  53. Becker N, Hojsted J, Sjogren P, Eriksen J (1998) Sociodemographic predictors of treatment outcome in chronic non-malignant pain patients. Do patients receiving or applying for Disability Pension benefit from multidisciplinary pain treatment? Pain 77:279-87
     
  54. Becker N, Sjogren P, Bech P, Olsen AK, Eriksen J (2000) Treatment of chronic non-malignant pain patients managed in a Danish multidisciplinary pain centre compared to general practice: a randomised controlled trial. Pain 84:203-21 1
     
  55. Becker N, Thomsen AB, Olsen AK, Sjogren P, Bech P, Eriksen J (1997) Pain epidemiology and health related qua lity of life in chronic non-malignant pain patients referred to a Danish multidisciplinary pain center. Pain 73:393-400
     
  56. Becker R, Jacob D, Uhle El, Riegel T, Berlalanffy H (2000) The significance of intrathecal opioid therapy for the treatment of neuropathic cancer pain conditions. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 75 :16-26
     
  57. Bedder MD (1996) Epidural opioid therapy for chronic nonmalignant pain: critique of current experience. J Pain Symptom Manage 11:353-56
     
  58. Bell JR (1997) Australian trends in opioid prescribing for chronic non-cancer pain, 1986-1996. Med J Aust 167:26 - 29
     
  59. Bell RF (1999) Los-dose subcutaneous ketamine infusion and morphine tolerance. Pain 83:101-103
     
  60. Bellach BM, Ellert U, Radoschewski M (2000) Epidemiologie des Schmerzes - Ergebnisse des Bundesgesundheits surveys 1998. Bundesgesundheitsbl Gesundheitsforsch Gesundheitsschutz 43:424-31
     
  61. Beltrutti DPC, Coletta P, Di-Santo S, Niv D (1997) The spinal administration of ketamine: Lights and shadows. Pain Digest 7: 127-135
     
  62. Beltrutti DPC, Trompeo AC, Di Santo S (1999) The epidural and intrathecal administration of ketamine. Curr Rev Pain 3:458472
     
  63. Benhamou D (1988) Epidural ketamine for obstetrical analgesia. Schmerz-Pain-Douleu4 9:37
     
  64. Bennett DS, Alo KM, Oakley J, Feier CA (1999) Spinal cord stimulation for complex regional pain syndrome l(RSD):a retrospective multicenter experience from 1995 to 1998 of 101 patients. Neuromodulation 2:202-210
     
  65. Berger-SchmiK R, Kohimann T, Raspe H (1996) Rückenschmerzen in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Gesundheitswe sen 58:519-524
     
  66. Bernau, L.: Akupressur- Schmerzfrei ohne Tabletten. Humboldt-Verlag, DM 14,80
     
  67. Berndt S, Maier C, Schütz HW (1993) Polymedication and medication compliance in patients with chronic non malignant pain. Pain 52:331-39
     
  68. Bertolucci LE (1982) Introduction of antiinflammatory drugs by iontophoresis: double blind study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 4: 103-8
     
  69. Besser-siegmund, C. (1989): Sanfte Schmerztherapie mit mentalen Methoden. Econ-Verlag Düsseldorf, 216 Seiten, DM 9,80
     
  70. Bezant JL, Stephen RL, Petelenz TJ, Jacobsen SC (1989) Painless cauterkation of spider veins with the use of iontophoretic local anesthesia. J Am Acad Dermatol 19:869-75
     
  71. Bhattacharya A, Gurnani A, Sharma PK, Sethi AK (1994) Subcutaneous infusion of ketamine and morphine for relief of postoperative pain: A double-blind comparative study. Ann Acad Med Singapore 23:456459
     
  72. Biddle C, Gilliland C (1992) Transdermal and transmucosal administration of pain-relieving and anxiolytic drugs: a primerforthe critical care practitioner. Heart Lung 21:115-24
     
  73. Biller N (1999) Contracting for chronic pain relief. J Pain Symptom Manage 17:14345
     
  74. Bimnie CD (2000) Vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: a review. Seizure 9:161-169
     
  75. Blyth FM, March LM, Brnabic AJM, Jorm LR, Williamson M, Cousins MJ (2001 ) Chronic pain in Australia: a prevalence study. Pain 89: 127-34
     
  76. Bondegaard Thomsen A, Sorensen J, Eriksen J (2001) Economic evaluation of multidisciplinary pain management in chronic pain patients: a qualitative systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 22:688-98
     
  77. Bonezzi C, Miotti D, Bettaglio R, Dermatini L, Stephen R (1993) Electromotive drug administration (EMDA) for pain following mastectomy. Eur J Pain 14:65-66
     
  78. Borg PAJ, Krijnen HJ (1996) Long-term intrathecal administration of midazolam and cionidine. Clin J Pain 12:63-68
     
  79. Borghouts JAJ, Koes BW, Vondeling H, Bouter LM (1999) Cost-of-illness of neck pain in The Netherlands in 1996. Pain 80:629436
     
  80. Bouckoms AJ, Masand P, Murray GB, Cassem EH, Stem TA, Tesar GE (1992) Chronic nonmalignant pain treated with long-term oral narcotic analgesics. Ann Clin Psychiatry 4: 185-92
     
  81. Bovill JG (1996) New drugs. Curr Opin Anaesth 9:318-22
     
  82. Bowsher D (1999) The lifetime occurence of herpes zoster and prevalence of post-herpetic neuralgia: a retrospec tive survey in an elderly population. Eur J Pain 3:33542
     
  83. Bowsher D, Nurmikko T (1996) Central post-stroke pain. Drug treatment options. CNS Drugs 5:160-165
     
  84. Bramiey-Moore SR, Wodak AD, Day RO, Lauchlan RL (1998) Patterns of analgesic prescribing for patients with chronic non-malignant pain in NSW. Aust J Hosp Pharm 28:83-88
     
  85. Brann L, Guzvica S (1987) Comparison of hypnosis with conventional relaxation for antenatal and intrapartum use: A feasibility study in general practice. J Royal Coll Gen Pract 37:437440
     
  86. Braune BT (1999) Multimodale Schmerztherapie in Nordrhein-Wesffalen. Schmerz 13:367-73
     
  87. Breivik H (2001 ) Opioids in cancer and chronic non-cancer pain therapy - indications and controversies Acta Aneesthesiol Scand 45:1059-1066
     
  88. Brena SF, Sanders SH (1991) Opioids in nonmalignant pain: questions in search of answers. Clin J Pain 7:34245
     
  89. Bristow A, Orlikowski C (1989) Subcutaneous ketamine analgesia: Postoperative analgesia using subcutaneous infusions of ketamine and morphine. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 71 :64-66
     
  90. Broseta J, P. R, Gionzales-Darder J, Bordes V, Barcia-Salorio JL (1982) Chronic epidural dorsal column stimulation in the treatment of causalgic pain. Appl Neurophysiol 45:190-194
     
  91. Brown J, Klapow J, Doleys D, Lowery D, Tutak U (1999) Disease-specific and generic health outcomes: a model for the evaluation of long-term intrathecal opiold therapy in noncancer low back pain patients. Clin J Pain 15:122-31
     
  92. Buckley FP, Sizemore WA, Chariton JE (1986) Medication management in patients with chronic non-malignant pain. A review of the use of a drug withdrawal protocol. Pain 26:153-65
     
  93. Bundesverband Der Deutschen Schmerzhilfe: Die Schmerzhilfe. Deutsche Schmerzhilfe e.V., Sietwende 20, 21720 Grünendeich
     
  94. Burchiel KJ, Anderson VC, Brown FD, Fessler RG, Friedman WA, Pelofsky S, Weiner RL, Oakley J, Shatin D (1996) Prospective, multicenter study of spinal cord stimulation for relief of chronic back and extremity pain. Spine 21:2786-2794
     
  95. Burchman SL, Pagel PS (1995) Implementation of a formal treatment agreement for outpatient management of chronic nonmalignant pain with opioid analgesics. J Pain Symptom Manage 10:556-63
     
  96. Buschmann D, Oppel F ( 1999) Periphere Nervenstimulation, Schmerz 13:1 13-120
     
  97. Buschmann P (2001) Kostenanalyse von Schmerzerkrankungen in Schleswig-Holstein. Schmerz 15:99-102
     
  98. Bushnell TG, Craig J, Backonja MM, Arndt G (1995) Response of chronic neuropathic pain syndromes to ketamine: A role for norketamine? Pain 60:115
     
  99. Carcaceni A, Portenoy RK, a working group of the IASP Task Force on Cancer Pain (1999) An international survey of cancer pain characteristics and syndromes. Pain 82:263-74
     
  100. Carman D, Roach JW (1988) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation forthe relief of postoperative pain in children. Spine 13:109-10
     
  101. Carroll D, Joint C, Maartens N, Shlugman D, Stein J, Aziz TZ (2000) Motor cortex stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain: a preliminary study of 10 cases. Pain 84:431-437
     
  102. Carroll D, Tramer M, McQuay HJ, Nye B, Moore A (1996) Randomization is important in studies with pain out comes: systematic review of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in acute postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 77:798-803
     
  103. Catala E, Reig E, Artes M, Aliaga L, Lopez JS, Sequ JL (2002) Prevalence of pain in the Spanish population: tele phone survey in 5000 homes. Eur J Pain 6: 13340
     
  104. Caterine JM, Smith DC, Olivencia J (1988) TENS for post-surgical analgesia following gastroplasty. Iowa Med 78:369-71
     
  105. Chabal C, Erjavec MK, Jacobson L, Mariano A, Chaney E (1997) Prescription opiate abuse in chronic pain patients: clinical criteria, incidence, and predictors. Clin J Pain 13: 150-55
     
  106. Chambers FA, MacSullivan R (1994) Intrathecal morphine in the treatment of chronic intractable pain. Ir J Med Sci 163:318-21
     
  107. Chambliss CR, Anand KJS (1997) Pain manegement in the pediatric intensive care unit. Curr Opin Pediatr 9:246 - 253
     
  108. Chemy Nl (1996) Opiold analgesics. Comparative features and prescribing guidelines. Drugs 51:713-37
     
  109. Chen JW, Rah K, Keenan R (1981 ) Evaluation of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for treatment of acute postoperative pain. Anesthesiology Review 8:22-24
     
  110. Cherry DA; Plummer JL; Gourlay GK; Coates KR; Odgers CL (1995) Ketamine as an adjunct to morphine in the treatment of pain: Pain 62:119-121
     
  111. Chia W, Liu K, Liu YC, Chang HC, Wong CS (1998) Adding ketamine in a multimodal patient-controlled epidural regimen reduces postoperative pain and analgesic consumption. Anesth Analg 86: 1245-1249
     
  112. Chiari A, Redl G, Menth W, Berger R, Klimscha W (1994) Postoperative pain relief after orthopedic surgery provided by epidural ketamine and cionidine. Reg Anesth 19 (Suppl 2):59
     
  113. Chiodo LA, Bunney BS (1983) Proglumide: selective antagonism of excitatory effects of cholecystokinin in central nervous system. Science 219:1449-51
     
  114. Choe H, Choi YS, Kim YH, Ko SH, Choi HG, Han YJ, Song HS (1997) Epidural morphine plus ketamine for upper abdominal surgery: Improved analgesia from preincisional versus postincisional administration. Anesth Analg 84: 560-563
     
  115. Chow TK, Penberthy AJ, Goodchild CS (1998) Ketamine as an adjunct to morphine in postthoracotomy analgesia: an unintended N-of-1 study. Anesth Analg 87: 1372-1374
     
  116. Chrubasik S, Junck H, Zappe HA, Stutzke O (1998) A survey of pain complaints and health care utilization in a German population sample. Eur J Anaesthesiol 15:397408
     
  117. Chu YH, Wong CS, Ho ST, Watkins WD (1995) Epidural coadministration of ketamine and morphine attenuates the neuropathic pain: A case report. Pain Clinic 8:263-267
     
  118. Clark JD (2002) Chronic pain prevalence and analgesic prescribing in a general medical population. J Pain Symptom Manage 23:131-37
     
  119. Clark Jl, Kalan GE (1995) Effective treatment of severe cancer pain of the head using low-dose ketamine in an opioid-tolerant patient. J Pain Symptom Manage 10:310-314
     
  120. Clausen TG (1997) International opioid consumption. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:162-65
     
  121. Clinical Journal of Pain (Supplement) (2001) Etiology, prevention, treatment, and disability management of chronic pain.
     
  122. Coffey RJ (2001) Deep brain stimulation for chronic pain: results of two multicenter trials and a structured review. Pain Medicine 2:183-192
     
  123. Collett BJ (2001) Chronic opioid therapy for non cancer pain. Br J Anaesth 87:133-143
     
  124. Colpaert FC (1996) System theory of pain and of opiate analgesia: No tolerance to opiates. Pharmacol Rev 48:355 - 402
     
  125. Conn IG, Marshall AH, Yadav SN, Daly JC, Jaffer M (1986) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation following appendicectomy: the placebo effect. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 68:191-92
     
  126. Cook B, Grubb DJ, Aldridge LA, Doyle E (1995) Comparison of the effects of adrenaline, cionidine and ketamine on the duration of caudal analgesia produced by bupivacaine in children. Br J Anaesth 75: 698-701
     
  127. Cooperman AM, Hall B, Mikalacki K, Hardy R, Sadar E (1977) Use of transcutaneous electrical stimulation in the control of postoperative pain. Results of a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Am J Surg 133: 185-87
     
  128. Cotta, H. (1994): Der Mensch ist so jung wie seine Gelenke. Piper-Verlag München, 9. Aunage, 296 Seiten, DM 19,90
     
  129. Crombie IK, Croft PR, Linton SJ, LeResche L, Con Korff M (eds) (1999) Epidemiology of Pain. IASP Task Force on Epidemiology, IASP Press, Seattle
     
  130. Cui JG, O Connor WT, Ungerstedt U, et al (1997) Spinal cord stimulation attenuates augmented dorsal horn release of excitatory amino acids in mononeuropathy via a GABAergic mechanism. Pain 73:87-95
     
  131. Dahm P, Nitescu P, Appelgren L, Curelaru I (1998) Efficacy and technical complications of long-term continuous intraspinal infusions of opioid and/or bupivacaine in refractory nonmalignant pain: a comparison between the epidu ral and the intrathecal approach with extemalized or implanted catheters and infusion pumps. Clin J Pain 14:4-16
     
  132. Darkoh GS, Zeier A, Elschanawany A (1981) Postoperative Schmerzbehandlung mittels transkutaner Nerven stimulation (TNS). Schmerz 2:3341
     
  133. Davies JR (1982) Ineffective transcutaneous nerve stimulation following epidural anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 37:453 - 57
     
  134. Davis SR (1998)Ketamine in chronic pain: A review. Aust J Hosp Pharm 28:94-98
     
  135. De Jongste MJ, Hautvast RWM, Hillege HL, Lie Kl (1994) Efficacy of spinal cord stimulation as an adjuvant therapy for intractable angina pectoris. A prospective randomized clinical study. J Am Coll Cardiol 23:1592-1597
     
  136. Deck R, Kohimann T, Raspe H (1993) Zur Epidemiologie des Rückenschmerzes. Psychomed 5:164-168
     
  137. Delbruck, H. (1993): Krebsschmerz - Rat und Hilfe für Betroffene und Angehörige. Kohlhammer Stuttgart, 262 Seiten
     
  138. Dellemijn P (1999) Are opiolds effective in relieving neuropathic pain? Pain 80:453462
     
  139. Dellemijn PLI, van Duijn H, Vanneste JAL (1998) Prolonged treatmentwith transdermal fentanyl in neuropathic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 16:220-29
     
  140. Dellemijn PLI, Vanneste JAL (1997) Randomised double-blind active-placebo-controlled crossover trial of fentanyl in neuropathic pain. Lancet 347:753-58
     
  141. Dellemijn PLI: Opioids in non-cancer pain: a life-time sentence? Eur J Pain 5:333-339
     
  142. Dertwinkel R, Wiebalck A, Zenz M, Strumpf M (1996) Orale Opioide zur Langzeittherapie chronischer Nicht-Tumor schmerzen. Anaesthesist 45:495-505
     
  143. DeSio JM, Bacon DR, Peer G, Lema MJ (1993) Intravenous abuse of transdermal fentanyl therapy in a chronic pain patient. Anesthesiology 79:113941
     
  144. Deutsche Schmerzliga: Der Schmerz. DM 8,00. Deutsche Schmerzliga e.V., Hainstr. 2, 61476 Kronberg
     
  145. Deutsches Grunes Kreuz (2000): Keine Angst vor Schmerzen. Deutsches Grünes Kreuz, Im Kilian, Schuhmarkt 4, 35037 Marburg
     
  146. Dich-Nielsen JO, Svendsen LB, Berthelsen P (1992) Intramuscular low-dose ketamine versus pethidine for post operative pain treatment after thoracic surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scend 36:583-587
     
  147. Diener, H.-Ch. (1993): Migräne. Informationen und Ratschläge. Serie Gesundheit, PiperNCH, München, Weinheim
     
  148. Doenicke A, Reichle H (1993) Epidemiologie des chronischen Schmerzes. In Zenz M, Jurna I (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der Schmerztherapie. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart, S 115-118
     
  149. Dotson JW, Ackerman DL, West LJ (1995) Ketamine abuse. J Drug Issues 25:751-757
     
  150. Duggan AW, North RA (1983) Electrophysiology of opiolds. Pharmacol Rev 35:219-82
     
  151. Dunbar SA, Katz NP (1996) Chronic opioid therapy for nonmalignant pain in patients with a history of substance abuse: report of 20 cases. J Pain Symptom Manage 11:163-71
     
  152. Ebel H, Rust D, Trommier V, Boker D, Kunze S (1996) Chronic precentral stimulation in trigeminal neuropathic pain. Acta Neurochir 138:1300-1306
     
  153. Edelson J, Fitzpatrick JL (1989) A comparison of cognitive-behavioral and hypnotic treatments of chronic pain. J Clin Psychol 45:316-323
     
  154. Eder, K., Hess, H., Montag, H.-J.: Natürliche Behandlungsmethoden bei Rückenschmerzen. Falken-Verlag, DM 29,80
     
  155. Edwards ND, FletcherA, Cole JR, Peecock JE (1993) Combined infusions of morphine and ketamine for post operative pain in elderly patients. Anaesthesia 48: 124-127
     
  156. Eide PK, Jorum E, Stubhaug A, Bremmes J, Breivik H (1994) Relief of post-herpetic neuralgia with the N-methyl-D aspartic acid receptor antagonist ketamine: A double-blind, cross-over comparison with morphine and placebo. Pain 58:347-354
     
  157. Eide PK, Stubhaug A, Long DM, Burchiel KJ (1997) Relief of glossopharyngeal neuralgia by ketamine-induced N methyl- aspartate receptor blockade. Neurosurgery 41:505-508
     
  158. Eide PK, Stubhaug A, Oye I (1995) The NMDA-antagonist ketamine for prevention and treatment of acute and chronic post-operative pain. Bailliere's Clin Anaesthesiol 9:539-554
     
  159. Eide PK, Stubhaug A, Oye I, Breivik H (1995) Continuous subcutaneous administration of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine in the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia. Pain 61:221-228
     
  160. Elternratgeber- Kopfschmerz bei Kindem. Laufen, Oberhausen 2002, EUR5,00
     
  161. Elton D, Boggie-Cavallo P, Stanley GV (1988) Group hypnosis and instructions of personal control in the reduction of ischemic pain. Austral J Clin Exp Hypn 16:31-37
     
  162. Emst M, Pomerantz J, Nick TG, Limbaugh J, Landry M (1995) Lidocaine via iontophoresis in laceration repair: a preliminary safety study.Am J Emerg Med 13:17-20
     
  163. Enarson MC, Hays H, Woodroffe MA (1999) Clinical experience with oral ketamine. J Pain Symptom Manage 1 7:384-86
     
  164. Engel RR (Hrsg) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2. Bern (CH), Verlag Hans Huber, 1999
     
  165. Ensink FBM, Bautz M, Brüggenjürgen B, Hanekop GG (1994) Migräneprävalenz in Deutschland. Schmerz 8:155-161
     
  166. Eriksen J (2001 ) Opioids in chronic non-malignant pain. Eur J Pain 5:231-32
     
  167. Eur J Pain 4 (Suppl A) (2000) Beyond the limitations of NSAIDs: treatment of serious pain in rheumatology Fields HL (1988) Can opiates relieve neuropathic pain? Pain 35:365
     
  168. Evers S, Wieser T, Ringelstein EB (1996) Die Genetik der Migräne. Nervenarzt 67:837-845
     
  169. Farrar JT, Yonng JP Jr, La Moresux L, Werth JL, Poole RM (2001) Clinical importance of changes in chronic pain intensity measured on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale. Pain 94:131-132
     
  170. Felsby S, Nielsen J, Arendt Nielsen L, Jensen TS (1996) NMDA receptor blockade in chronic neuropathic pain: A comparison of ketamine and magnesium chloride. Pain 64:283-291
     
  171. Fenollosa P, Pallares J, Cervera J, Pelegrin F, Inigo V, Giner M, Forner V (1993) Chronic pain in the spinal cord injured: statistical approach and pharmacological treatment. Paraplegia 31:722-729
     
  172. Finch PM, Roberts LJ, Price L, Hadiow NC, Pullan PT (2000) Hypogonadism in patients treated with intrathecal morphine. Clin J Pain 16:251-54
     
  173. Findiow D, Aldridge LM, Doyle E (1997) Comparison of caudal block using bupivacaine and ketamine with ilioinguinal nerve block for orchidopexy in children. Anaesthesia 52:11 10-1 113
     
  174. Fine PG (1997) Fentanyl in the treatment of cancer pain. Semin Oncol 24 (Suppl 16):S16-20 - S16-27
     
  175. Fine PG (1999) Low-dose ketamine in the management of opioid nonresponsive terminal cencer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 17:296-300
     
  176. Finsen V, Persen L, Lovlien M, Veslegaard EK, Simensen M, Gasvann AK, Benum P (1988) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after major amputation. J Bone Joint Surg 70: 109-12
     
  177. Fisher K, Hagen NA (1999) Analgesic effect of oral ketamine in chronic neuropathic pain of spinal origin: a case report. J Pain Symptom Manage 18:61-66
     
  178. Fishman SM, Bandman TB, Edwards A, Borsook D (1999) The opioid contract in the management of chronic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 18:27-37
     
  179. Fitzgibbon EJ, Hall P, Schroder C, Seely J, Viola R (2002) Low dose ketamine as an analgesic adjuvant in difficult pain syndromes: a strategy for conversion from parenteral to oral ketamine. J Pain Symptom Manage 23:165-70
     
  180. Flöter T (Hrsg) (1999): Gemeinsam gegen den Schmerz. Aino-Verlag (ISBN 3-9806354-04), DM 20,00
     
  181. Flöter T, Koch EMW, Bartel W, Caymitte-Ruckner N, Droste HJ, Eberbach T, Emrich O, Ernst A, Finkelstein-Conea N, Gastmeier K, Hagmeister H, Jungck D, Kertelge E, Kloke M, Kniesel B, Larbig W, Larsen B, Leube E, Macher Hanselmann F, Müller-Busch H, Müller-Schwefe GM, Nolte T, Schlosser GK, Schutze G, Semrau G, Siegesmund K, Siegmund W, Siems R, Stiehl M, Tamm R (1997) Comparison of two oral morphine formulations for chronic severe pain of malignant and nonmalignant origin Kapanol R vs MST R. Clin Drug Invest 14:183-91
     
  182. Fletcher D (1998) Prevention de la douleur postoperatoire. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 17:622-632
     
  183. Flor H, Birbaumer N (1990) Psychologische Behandlung bei akuten Schmerzen. Springer Berlin Gallagher RM (1998) Chronic pain: a public health problem? Clin J Pain 14:277-79
     
  184. Flor H, Fydrich T, Turk DC (1992) Efficacy of multidisciplinary pain treatment centers: a meta-analytic review. Pain 49: 221-223
     
  185. Follett KA, Hitchon PW, Piper J, Kumar V, Clamon G, Jones MP (1992) Response of intractable pain to continuous intrathecal morphine: a retrospective study. Pain 49:21-25
     
  186. Forbes A, Mc Auley S, Chiotakakou-Faliakou E (2000) Hypnotherapy and therapeutic audiotape - effective in irritable bowel syndrome. Int J Colorect Dis 15:328-334
     
  187. Foster NE, Baxter F, Walsh DM, Baxter GD, Allen JM (1996) Manipulation of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation variables has no effect on two models of experimental pain in humans. Clin J Pain 12:301-10
     
  188. France RD, Urban BJ, Keefe FJ (1984) Long-term use of narcotic analgesics in chronic pain. Soc Sci Med 19:1379 - 82
     
  189. Franks JF, Olesen AS, Mikkelsen SS, Borgbjerg FM (1995) Ketamine therapy in the treatment of phantom limb pain. Ugeskr Laeg 157:3481-3482
     
  190. Freeman RM, Mc Cauley AJ, Eve L, Chamberlain GV (1986) Randomized trial of self-hypnosis for analgesia in labour. Br Med J 292:657-658
     
  191. Freiherr Von Rosen J (2001): Kopfschmerz und Migräne. Selbsthilfe und sanfte Therapie. Verlag für Medizin und Gesundheit, Biebelsheim
     
  192. Frenay MC, Faymonville ME, Devlieger S, Albert A, Vanderkelen A (2001) Psychological approaches during dressing changes of bumed patients: a prospective randomised study comparing hypnosis against stress reducing strategy. Bums 27:793-799
     
  193. Fu ES, Miguel R, Scharf JE (1997) Preemptive ketamine decreases postoperative narcotic requirements in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 84: 1086-1090
     
  194. Göbel H (1994) A nationwide survey of a representative sample on the basis of the headache classification of the International Headache Society. In: Olesen J (ed) Headache Classification and Epidemiology. Raven Press New York, pp 255-261
     
  195. Göbel H (1994) Degree of disability, afffliction, loss of free time, and loss of working hours in patients with migraine and tension-type headache in Germany. In: Olesen J (ed) Headache Classification and Epidemiology. Raven Press New York, pp 351-354
     
  196. Göbel H (1994) Why patients with primary headaches do not consult a doctor. In: Olesen J (ed) Headache Classifi cation and Epidemiology. Raven Press New York, pp 267-272
     
  197. Göbel H (2001 ) Epidemiologie und Kosten chronischer Schmerzen. Spezifische und unspezifische Rückenschmer zen. Schmerz 15:92-98
     
  198. Göbel H, Buschmann P (Hrsg) (1999) Schmerztherapie in Deutschland: Statusn und Perspektiven. AOK Schleswig Holstein
     
  199. Göbel H, Lindner V, Soyka D, Weinschütz T (1991 ) Die neue Kopfschmerzklassifikation der International Headache Society. Schmerz 5:15-21
     
  200. Göbel H, Petersen Braun M, Soyka D (1993) Die Prävalenz von Kopfschmerzen in Deutschland. Eine Unter suchung an einer repräsentativen Stichprobe auf der Basis der Kopfschmerzklassifikation der International Headache Society. Schmerz 4:287-297
     
  201. Göbel H, Petersen-Braun M, Soyka D (1994) The epidemiology of headache in Germany: a nationwide survey of a representative sample on the basis of the headache classification of the International Headache Society. Cephalgia 14:97-1 06
     
  202. Göbel H, Soyka D (1992) Leitsymptom Kopfschmerz. Erfassung der Kopfschmerzphänomenologie auf der Basis der Kopfschmerzkriterien der International Headache Society mit dem Personal-Computer. Softwarepaket. Physis Software Lünen
     
  203. Göbel, H. (1994): Kopfschmerzen - Leiden, die man nicht hinnehmen muß. Springer Heidelberg, 344 Seiten
     
  204. Gagnon B, Bruera E (1999) Differences in the rations of morphine to methadone in patients with neuropathic pain versus non-neuropathic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 18:120-25
     
  205. Galer BS, Coyle N, Pasternak GW, Portenoy RK (1992) Individual variability in the response to different opioids: report of five cases. Pain 49:87-91
     
  206. Galovski TE, Blanchard EB (1998) The treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with hypnotherapy. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeed 23:219-232
     
  207. Galski T, Williams JB, Ehle HT (2000) Effects of opioids on driving ability J Pain Symptom Manage 19:200-8
     
  208. Gangarosa LP, Hill JM (1995) Modern iontophoresis for local drug delivery. Int J Pharmaceut 123:159-71
     
  209. Gangarosa LP, Ozawa A, Shimomura Y, Hill JM (1995) lontophoresus for enhancing penetration of dermatologic and antiviral drugs. J Dermatol 22:865-75
     
  210. Garry AC, Simpson KH (1996) A diff'cult pain problem: Use of intrathecal ketamine. Pain Clinic 9: 335-342
     
  211. Gebhardt B (1994) Pharmakologie und Klinik der periduralen und intrathekalen Anwendung von Ketamin. Anaesthesist 43 (Suppl 2): S34-S40
     
  212. Geissner E, Jungnitsch G, Schmitz J (1994) Psychologische Behandlungsansätze bei Schmerz. Eine Therapie vergleichsstudie an Patienten mit chronischer Polyarthritis. Klin. Psychologie, Psychopathologie, Psychosomatik 42:31 9-338
     
  213. Gerbershagen HU (1992) Konzept einer multidisziplinären Schmerzklinik. Anaesthesiol Intensivmed Noffallmed Schmerzther 27:377-380
     
  214. Gerhardt G: Das Anti-Schmerzbuch, Kilian-Verlag (ISBN 3-932091-31-0), DM 24,80
     
  215. Gessler, M. u. Kammerer, D. (1993): Die Botschaft des chronischen Schmerzes. Knauer-Verlag, DM 12,90
     
  216. Gilbert JM, Gledhill T, Law N, George C (1986) Controlled trial of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for postoperative pain relief following inguinal herniorrhaphy. Br J Surg 73:749-51
     
  217. Gilmer-Hill HS, Boggan JE, Smith KA, Wagner Jr. FC( 1999) Intrathecal morphine delivered via subcutaneous pump for intractable cancer pain. A review of the literature. Surg Neurol 51 :12-15
     
  218. Gitlin MC (1999) Contracts for opioid administration for the management of chronic pain: a reappraisal. J Pain Symptom Manage 18:6-8
     
  219. Glynn CJ, McQuay HJ, Jadad AR, Carroll D (1991) Response to Controversy Corner: "Opioids in nonmalignant pain: questions in search for answers". Clin J Pain 7:346
     
  220. Goepel R (1986) Ist postoperative transkutane Nervenstimulation sinnvoll? Eine klinische randomisierte Doppel Blind-Studie. SchmerzPainDouleur 7:13-20
     
  221. Gonzalez ER, Bahal N, Hansen LA, Ware D, Bull DS, Ornato JP, Lehman ME (1991) Intermittent injection vs patient-controlled analgesia for sickle cell crisis pain. Comparison in patients in the emergency department. Arch Intern Med 151:1373-76
     
  222. Gourlay GK, Cherry DA (1991) Response to Controversy Comer: Can opioids be successfully used to treat severe pain in nonmalignant conditions? Clin J Pain 7:34749
     
  223. Gourlay GK, Cousins MJ (1984) Strong analgesics in severe pain. Drugs 28:79-91
     
  224. Gralow I, Hürter A, Schwerdt C, Hannich HJ, Meyer B, Voss S (1996) Konzept einer Schmerztagesklinik. Erste kli nische Erfahrungen. Psychotherapeut 41:242-249
     
  225. Gralow I. (1998) Chronische Schmerzen - Ein Phänomen unserer Tage? medwelt 49:59-88
     
  226. Graven-Nielsen T, Kendall SA, Henrikksson KG, Bengtsson M, Sörensen J, Johnson A, Gerdle B, Arendt-Nielsen L (2000) Ketamine reduces muscie pain, temporal summation, and referred pain in fibromyalgia patients. Pain 85:483-91
     
  227. Green J, Coyle M (1989) Methadone use in the control of nonmalignant chronic pain. Pain Manage 2:24146
     
  228. Green J, Hickey S, Ansbacher S, Kartsonis P (1996) Methadone use in a small series of selected patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. Pain Digest 6:3-6
     
  229. Greenbaum SS, Bernstein EF (1994) Comparison of iontophoresis of lidocaine with a eutetic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA) for topically administered local anesthesia. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 20:579-83
     
  230. Gupta S, Southam M, Klausner M (1996) Feasibility and effect of current density in a fentanyl electrotransport system. Br J Anaesth 76 (Suppl 2):121-22
     
  231. Gupta S, Tarkkila P (1998) Complications of opioids and nonsteroidal antiinflammatories in chronic nonmalignant pain. Tech Reg Anesth Pain Manage 2:112-18
     
  232. Gureje O, Simon GE, Von Korff M (2001 ) A cross-national study of the course of persistent pain in primary care. Pain 92:1 95-200
     
  233. Gurnani A, Sharma PK, Rautela RS, Bhattacharya A (1996) Analgesia for acute musculoskeletal trauma: Low-dose subcutaneous infusion of ketamine. Anaesth Intensive Care 24:32-36
     
  234. Gybels J (2001 ) Thalemic stimulation in neuropathic pain: 27 years later. Acta Neurol Belg 101:65-71
     
  235. Gybels J, Erdine S, Maeyaert J, Meyerson B, Winkelmuller W, Augustinsson L, Bonezzi C, Brasseur L, De Jongste M, Kupers R, Marchettini P, Muller-Schwefe G, Nitescu P, Plaghki L, Reig E, Spincemaille G, Thomson S, Tronnier V, Van Buyten J (1998) Neuromodulation of Pain. A consensus statement prepared in Brussels 16-18 January 1998 by the following Task Force of the European Federation of IASP Chapters (EFIC). Eur J Pain 2:203-209
     
  236. Haahnen HC, Hoendors HAT, Hop WC, Hekster B (1991) Controlled trial of hypnotherapy in the treatment of refractory fibromyalgla. J Rheumatol 18:72-75
     
  237. Hagen N, Flynne P, Hays H, MacDonald N (1995) Guidelines for managing chronic non-malignant pain. Opioids and other agents. Can Fam Physician 41:49-53
     
  238. Haines DR, Gaines SP (1999) N of 1 randomised controlled trials of oral ketamine in patients with chronic pain. Pain 83:283-87
     
  239. Hale ME, Fleischmann R, Salzman R, Wild J, Iwan T, Swanton RE, Kaiko RF, Lacouture PG (1999) Efficacy and safety of controlled-release versus immediate-release oxycodone: randomized, double-blind evaluation in patients with chronic back pain. Clin J Pain 13: 179-83
     
  240. Haller G, Waeber JL, Kooger N, Clergue F (2002) Ketamine combined with morphine for the management of pain in an opioid addict. Anesthesiology 96: 125-26
     
  241. Hamza M, Ghoname EA, White PF, Craig WF, Ahmed HE, Gajraj NM, Valharia AS, Noe CE (1999) Effect of the duration of electrical stimulation on the analgesic response in patients with low back pain. Anesthesiology 91:1622 - 27
     
  242. Hamza MA, White PF, Ahmed HE, Ghoname EA (1999) Effect of the frequency of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the postoperative opioid analgesic requirement and recovery profile. Anesthesiology 91:1232-38
     
  243. Hanekop GG, Ensink FBM, Bautz MT (1994) Epidemiologische Aspekte der Migräne. In: Ensink F-BM, Soyka D (Hrsg) Migräne. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 135-179
     
  244. Hanks GW, Justins DM (1992) Cancer pain: management. Lancet 339:1031-36
     
  245. Hansson P, Ekblom A (1983) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) as compared to placebo TENS for the relief of acute oro-facial pain. Pain 15:157-65
     
  246. Harke H, Gretenkort P, Ladleif HU, Koester P, Rahman S (2002) Spinal cord stimulation m postherpetic neuralgia and acute herpes zester pain. Anesth Analg 94:694-700
     
  247. Harke H, Gretenkort P, Ladleif HU, Rahman S, Harke O (2001) The response of neuropathic pain and pain in complex regional pain syndrome I to carbamazepine and sustained-release morphine in patients pretreated with spinal cord stimulation: A double-blinded randomized study. Anesth Analg 92:488-495
     
  248. Harke H, Ladleif HU, Rethage B, Grosser KD (1993) Epidurale Rückenmarkstimulation bei therapieresistenter Angina pectoris. Anaesthesist 42:557-563
     
  249. Harmon TM, Hynan MT, Tyre TE (1990) Improved obstetric outcomes using hypnotic analgesia and skill mastery combined with childbirth education. J Consult Clin Psychol 58:525-530
     
  250. Harvey SC, O'Neil MG, Pope CA, Cuddy BG, Duc TA (1997) Continuous intrathecal meperidine via an implantable infusion pump for chronic, nonmalignant pain. Ann Pharrnacother 31:1306-8
     
  251. Hasenbring M (1992). Chronifizierung bandscheibenbedingter Schmerzen. Risikofaktoren und gesundheitsfordern des Verhalten. Stuttgart: Schattauer Verlag. Hasenbring M (1994). Das Kieler Schmerz-lnventar KSI. Bern: Huber Verlag.
     
  252. Hasenbring M (1998). Predictors of efficacy in treatment of chronic low back pain. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 11: 553-558
     
  253. Hasenbring M, Marienfeld G, Kuhlendahl D, Soyka D (1994). Risk factors of chronicity in lumbar disc patients. A prospective investigation of biologic, psychologic and social predictors of therapy outcome. Spine 19:2759-2765.
     
  254. Hassenbusch SJ (1996) Epidural and subarachnoid administration of opioids for nonmalignant pain; technical issues, current approaches and novel treatments. J Pain Symptom Manage 11:357-62
     
  255. Hassenbusch SJ, Garber J, Buchser E, Du Pen S, Nitescu P (1999) Alternative intrathecal agents for the treatment of pain. Neuromodulation 2: 85-91
     
  256. Hassenbusch SJ, Paice JA, Patt RB, Bedder MD, Bell GK (1997) Clinical realities and economic considerations: Economics of intrathecal therapy. J Pain Symptom Manage 14 (Suppl):S36-S48
     
  257. Hassenbusch SJ, Paice JA, Patt RB, Bedder MD, Bell GK (1997) Clinical realities and economic considerations: economics of intrathecal therapy. J Pain Symptom Manage Suppl 14:36-48
     
  258. Hassenbusch SJ, Stanlon-Hicks M, Schoppa D, Walsh JG, Covington EC (1996) Long-term results of peripheral nerve stimulation for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Neurosurg 84:415423
     
  259. Hassenbusch SJ, Stanton-Hicks M, Covington EC, Walsh JG, Guthrey DS (1995) Long-term intraspinal infusions of nopioids m the treatment of neuropathic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 10:527-543
     
  260. Hathaway SR, McKinley (1943) The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Minneapolis (MN): University of Minnesota Press
     
  261. Hauser-bischof, C. (1990): Vita Rückenschule. Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, 111 Seiten, DM 29,80
     
  262. Hautvast RWM, De Jongste MJL, Staal MJ, et al (1998) Spinal cord stimulation in chronic intractable angina pectoris: a randomized controlled efficacy study. Am Heart J 136: 114-120
     
  263. Hawksworth C, Serpell M (1998) Intrathecal anesthesia with ketamine. Reg Anesth Pain Med 23:283-288
     
  264. Haythornthwaite JA, Menefee LA, Quatrano-Piacentini AL, Pappagallo M (1998) Outcome of chronic opioid therapy for non-cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 15:185-94
     
  265. Hazard RG, Fenwick JW, Kalish SM, Redmond J, Reeves V, Reid S, Frymoyer JW (1989) Functional restoration with behavioral support. A one-year prospective study of patients with chronic low-back pain. Spine 14:157-161
     
  266. He L, Lu R, Zhuang S, Zhang X, Pan X (1985) Possible involvement of opioid peptides of caudate nucieus in acu puncture analgesia. Pain 23:83-93
     
  267. Heavner JE, Racz G, Diede JM ( 1996 ) Peripheral nerve stimulation: current concepts. In: Waldman SD, Winnie AP (eds) Interventional pain management. WB Saunders Company Philadelphia, p 423-425
     
  268. Heidemann E (1999) Tumorpatienten in Deutschland: Was wissen wir über Schmerzprävalenzen? Schmerz 1 3:249-252
     
  269. Hildebrandt J, Brenig M, Eggebrecht D (1987) Schmerzbeschreibung, Beschwerden und Depressivität bei Patienten mit chronischen Kopfschmerzsyndromen. Psychother Med Psychol 37:337-342
     
  270. Hildebrandt, B. u. Zech, D.: Krebsschmerz lindern. 12 Seiten. (Broschüre kann kostenlos angefordert werden bei: Referat Schmerztherapie, Grünenthal GmbH, Steinfeldstr. 2, 52220 Stolberg)
     
  271. Hilten van BJ, Beck van de WJT, Hoff JI, Voormolen JHC, Deikaas EM (2000) Intrathecal baclofen for the treatment of dystonia m patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy .N Engl J Med 343:625-630
     
  272. Hitchcock LS, Ferrell BR, McCaffery M (1994) The experience of chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 9:312-18
     
  273. Hitchcock LS, Ferrell BR, McCaffery M (1994) The experience of chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 9:312-18
     
  274. Hoffmann V, Coppejans H, Vercauteren M, Adriaensen H (1994) Successful treatment of postherpetic neuralgia with oral ketamine. Clin J Pain 10:240-242
     
  275. Honkasalo ML, Kaprlo J, Winter T, Heikkilä K, Sillanpää M, Koskenvuo M (1995) Migraine and concomitant symptoms among 8167 adult twin pairs. Headache 35:70-78
     
  276. Horton JR, Mitzdorf U (1994) Klinische Hypnose in der Behandlung der rheumatoiden Arthritis. Psychologische Beiträge 36:205-212
     
  277. Houghton LA, Heymann DJ, Whorwell PJ (1996) Symptomatology, quality of llfe and economic features of irritable bowel syndrome - the effect of hypnotherapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 10:91-95
     
  278. Humphries Y, Melson M, Gore D (1997) Superiority of oral ketamine as an analgesic and sedative for wound care procedures in the pediatric patient with bums. J Burn Care Rehabil 18 1: 34-36
     
  279. Husebö S (1999): Was bei Schmerzen hilft. Verlag Herder, Freiburg, 224 Seiten, DM 29,80
     
  280. Hutubessy RCW, van Tuider MW, Vondeling H, Bouter LM (1999) Indirect costs of back pain in the Netherlands: a comparison of the human capital method with the friction cost method. Pain 80:201-7
     
  281. Hymes AC, Raab DE, Yonehiro EG, Nelson GD, Printy AL (1973) Electrical surface stimulation for control of acute postoperative pain and prevention of ileus. Surg Forum 24:44749
     
  282. Iikjaer S, Petersen KL, Brennum J, Wernberg M, Dahl JB (1996) Effect of systemic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist (ketamine) on primary and secondary hyperalgesia in humans. Br J Anaesth 76:829-834
     
  283. Irsfeld S, Klement W, Lippert P (1993) Dermal anaesthesia: comparison of EMLA cream with iontophoretic local anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 71:375-78
     
  284. Ives TJ, Guerra MF (1987) Constant morphine infusion for severe sickle cell crisis pain. Drug Intell Clin Pharm 21 :625-27
     
  285. Jacknow DS, Tschann JM, Link MP, Boyce WT (1994) Hypnosis in the prevention of chemotherapy related nausea and vomiting in children: A prospective study. J Dev Behav Ped 15:258-265
     
  286. Jackson K, Ashby M, Martin P, Piasale M, Brumiey D, Hayes B (2001) "Burst" ketamine for refractory cancer pain: an open-label audit of 39 patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 22:83442
     
  287. Jacobson SJ, Kopecky EA, Joshi P, Babul N (1997) Randomised trial of oral morphine for painful episodes of sickle-cell disease in children. Lancet 350:135841
     
  288. Jadad AR, Popat MT, Glynn CJ, McQuay HJ (1991) Double-blind testing feils to confirm analgesic response to ex tradural morphine. Anaesthesia 46:935-37
     
  289. Jamison RN (1996) Comprehensive pretreatment and outcome assessment for chronic opioid therapy in non malignant pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 11:23141
     
  290. Jamison RN, Anderson KO, Peeters-Asdourian C, Ferrante FM (1994) Survey of opioid use in chronic nonmalignant pain patients. Reg Anesth 19:225-30
     
  291. Jamison RN, Raymond SA, Slawsby EA, Nedeljkovic SS, Katz NP (1998) Opiold therapy for chronic noncancer back pain. A randomized prospective study. Spine 23:2591-2600
     
  292. Javery KB, Ussery TW, Steger HG, Colciough GW (1996) Comparison of morphine and morphine with ketamine for postoperative analgesia. Can J Anaesth 43:212-215
     
  293. Jeal W, Benfield P (1997) Transdermal fentanyl. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic effficacy in pain contro. Drugs 53: 109-38
     
  294. Jenkins MW, Pritchard MH (1993) Hypnosis: Practical applications and theoretical considerations in normal labour. Br J Obstet Gyn 100:221 -226
     
  295. Jensen JE, Conn RR, Hazelrigg G, Hewett JE (1985) The use of transcutaneous neural stimulation and isokinetic testing in arthroscopic knee surgery. Am J Sports Med 13:27-33
     
  296. Johnson Ml, Ashton CH, Thompson JW (1993) A prospective investigation into factors related to patient response to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) - the importance of cortical responsivity. Eur J Pain 14:1-9
     
  297. Jones D, Shug S (1995) Opiolds in chronic pain of non-malignant origin: An interim consensus. New Zealand Med J 1 08:492
     
  298. Jones TF, Feler CA, Simmons BP, Melton K, Craig AS, Moore WL, Smith MD, Schaffner W (2002) Neurologic complications including paralysis after a medication error involving implanted intrathecal catheters. Am J Med 112:31-36
     
  299. Joranson DE, Cleeland CS, Weissman DE, Gilson AM (1992) Opioids for chronic cancer and non-cancer pain: a survey of state medical board members. Fed Bull 79:1549
     
  300. Joranson DE, Gilson AM (1996) Improving pain management through policy making and education for medical regulators. J Law Med Ethics 24:34447
     
  301. Joshi GP (1994) Postoperative pain management. IntAnesthesiol Clin 32:113-26
     
  302. Juchli, L. (1999): Wohin mit meinem Schmerz? Hilfe und Selbsthilfe bei seelischem und körperlichem Leiden. Herder-Verlag Freiburg
     
  303. Kalman S, Sorensen J, Bengtsson M, Berner A (1998) Testing for morphine responsiveness in chronic non malignant pain. Pain Clinic 10:173-81
     
  304. Kalmann S, Österberg A, Sörensen J, Boivie J, Bertler A (2002) Morphine responsiveness in a group of well-defined multiple scierosis patients: a study with i.v. morphine. Eur J Pain 6:69-80
     
  305. Kalso E, McQuay HJ, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z (eds) (1999) Opioid sensitivity of chronic noncancer pain. Progress in Pain Research and Management, Vol. 14; IASP Press, Seattle
     
  306. Kames L, Rapkin AJ, Nallboff BD, Afifi S, Ferrer-Brechner T (1990) Effectiveness of an interdisciplinary pain management program for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain. Pain 41:4146
     
  307. Kanamaru T, Saeki S, Katsumata N, Mizuno K, Ogawa S, Suzuki-H (1990) Ketamine infusion for control of pain in patients with advanced cancer. Jpn J Anesthesiol 39:1368-1371
     
  308. Kannan TR, Saxena A, Bhatnagar S, Barry A (2002) Oral ketamine as an adjuvant to oral morphine for neuropathic pain in cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 23:60-65
     
  309. Kanoff RB (1994) Intraspinal delivery of opiates by an implantable, programmable pump in patients with chronic, intractable pain of nonmalignant origin. J Am Osteopath Assoc 94:487-93
     
  310. Kantner-Rumplmair W, Ogon M, Krismer M, Söllner W (1995) Die psychoorthopädische Kreuzschmerzgruppe. Ein Werkstattbericht. Psychol Med 6:27-29
     
  311. Kaplan R, Slywka J, Slagle S, Ries K (2000) A titrated morphine analgesic regimen comparing substance users and non-users with AlDS-related pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 19:265-73
     
  312. Kapur N, Friedman R (2002) Oral ketamine: a promising treatment for restless legs syndrome. Anesth Analg 94:1 558-59
     
  313. Karpinski N, Dunn J, Hansen L, Masliah E (1997) Subpial vacuolar myelopathy after intrathecal ketamine: Report of a case. Pain 73: 103-105
     
  314. Kassan DG, Lynch AM, Stiller MJ (1996) Physical enhancement of dermatologic drug delivery: iontophoresis and phonophoresis. J Am Acad Dermatol 34:657-66
     
  315. Kato Y, Homma I, Ichiyanagi K (1995) Postherpetic neuralgia. Clin J Pain 11:336-337
     
  316. Katz ER, Kellermann J, Ellenberg L (1987) Hypnosis in the reduction of acute pain and distress in children with cancer. J Ped Psychol 12:379-394
     
  317. Katz WA (1998) The needs of a patient in pain. Am J Med 105:2S-7S Kirkpatrick AF, Derasari M, Kovacs PL, Lamb BD, Miller R, Reading A (1998) A protocol~•ontract for opioid use in patients with chronic pain not due to malignancy. J Clin Anesth 10:43543
     
  318. Katz WA (1998) The needs of a patient in pain. Am J Med 105:2S-7S
     
  319. Keel P, Diethelm U, Knüsel O, Rudolf T, Spring H, Wittig R (1993) Multizenterstudie Rückenrehabilitation: Multizen trisches Interventionsprojekt zur funktionellen Wiederherstellung von Patienten mit lumbalen Rückenschmerzen durch ein integriertes, sportmedizinisch orientiertes Behandlungsprogramm. Wissenschaftlicher Schlußbericht zum Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Bern
     
  320. Kemier MA, Barendse GA, van Kleef M, Egbrink MG (2000) Pain relief in complex regional pain syndrome due to spinal cord stimulation does not depend on vasodilation. Anesthesiology 2:1653-1660
     
  321. Kemier MA, Barendse GAM, Van Kleef M, de Vet HCW, Rijks PT, Furnee CA, Van den Wildenberg FAJM (2000) Spinal cord stimulation m patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. New Engl J Med 343:618-624
     
  322. Kemier MA, Reulen JPH, Barendse GAM, Vam Kleef M, de Vet HCW, Van den Wildenberg FAJM (2001) Impact of spinal cord stimulation on sensory characteristics in complex regional pain syndrome Type 1. Anesthesiology 95:72-80.
     
  323. Kepes E, Kaplan R, Claudio M, Benjamin L (1990) Patient controlled analgesia (PCA) dosing in sickle cell crisis. Pain (Suppl 5):S185
     
  324. Kingery WS (1997) A critical review of controlled clinical trials for peripheral neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndromes. Pain 73: 123-139
     
  325. Kinoshita Y, Takakura K, Yanagimoto M, Fujibayashi T, Sugiura Y, Goto Y (1997) Evaluation of ketamine infusion treatment for patients with chronic pain. Hokuriku J Anesthesiol 31: 11-14
     
  326. Kinsella J, Rae CP (1997) Burn pain. Bailliere's Clin Anaesthesiol 11:459471
     
  327. Kirschner, M. (1998): Leben mit Krebs. Neue Erfahrungen im Umgang mit der Krankheit. Patienten und Ärzte berichten. vgs Verlagsgesellschaft Köin, 176 Seiten, DM 29,80
     
  328. Kishimoto N, Kato J, Suzuki T, Arakawa H, Ogawa S, Suzuki H (1995) A case of RSD with complete disappearance of symptoms following intravenous ketamine infusion combined with stellate ganglion block and continuous epidural block. Jpn J Anesthesiol 44: 1680-1684
     
  329. Klages U (1994) Zur Klassifizierung von Patienten mit Spannungskopfschmerz: Irrationalität, Selbstkommunikation, Streßreagibilität und Schmerz. Schmerz 8:43-50
     
  330. Klahr M, Gomas JM, Larrouture A, Vinceneux P (1997) Treatment of neurogenic pain in adult cancer patients. A retrospective study. Presse Med 26:960-963
     
  331. Klaschik, E. u. Nauck, F. (1991): Medikamentöse Schmerzbehandlung bei Tumorpatienten. Ein Leiffaden für Patienten und Angehörige. Malteser-Krankenhaus Bonn, 28 Seiten. (Broschüre kann kostenlos angefordert werden bei Mundipharma GmbH, Frau Kartschewski, 65549 Limburg/Lahn)
     
  332. Klepstad P, Borchgrevink PC (1997) Four years' treatment with ketamine and a trial of dextromethol-phan in a patient with severe post-herpetic neuralgia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:422426
     
  333. Klie T, Student J.C. (2001): Die Patientenverfügung - was Sie tun können, um richtig vorzusorgen. Verlag Herder, Freiburg, DM 19,80
     
  334. Klomp HM, Spincemaille GHJJ, Steyerberg EW (1999) Spinal cord stimulation in critical limb ischemia: a randomized trial. Lancet 30:114-121
     
  335. Knox DJ, McLeod BJ, Goucke CR (1995) Acute phantom limb pain controlled by ketamine. Anaesth Intensive Care 23:620-622
     
  336. Kohimann T (1991) Schmerzen in der Lübecker Bevölkerung. Ergebnisse einer bevölkerungsepidemiologischen Studie. Schmerz 5:208-213
     
  337. Kohimann T, Deck R, Raspe H (1995) Prävalenz und Schweregrad von Rückenschmerzen in der Lübecker Bevöl kerung. Akt Rheumatol 20:99-104
     
  338. Kohimann T, Herlyn K, Siegrist J (1994) „Lebensqualitär bei Erkrankungen der Bewegungsorgane. Psychomed 6:6-11
     
  339. Kohimann T, Raspe HH (1992) Deskriptive Epidemiologie chronischer Schmerzen. In Geissner E, Jungnitsch G (Hrsg) Psychologie des Schmerzes, PVU Weinheim, S 11-24
     
  340. Koinig H, Marhofer P, Krenn CG, Klimscha W, Wilding E, Erlacher W, Nikolic A, Turnheim K, Semsroth M (2000) Analgesic effects of caudal and intramuscular S(+) ketamine in children. Anesthesiology 93:976-80
     
  341. Kooijman CM, Dijkstra PU, Geertzen JHB, Elzinga A, van der Schans CP (2000) Phantom pain and phantom sensations in upper limb amputees: an epidemiological study. Pain 87:3341
     
  342. Kopfschmerz Klassifikations Komitee der Internationalen Headache Society (1989) Klassifikation und diagnostische Kriterien flär Kopfschmerzerkrankungen, Kopfneuralgien und Gesichtsschmerz. Nervenheilkunde 8:161-203
     
  343. Kröner B (1982) Faktorenanalytische Bestimmung von Kopfschmerzsyndromen. In Huber HP (Hrsg) Migräne, Urban & Schwarzenberg München, S 67-79
     
  344. Kröner B (1985) Entwicklung eines differential-diagnostischen MeBinstruments: Migräne vs. Spannungskopf schmerz. In Vaitl D, Knapp TW, Birbaumer N (Hrsg) Psychophysiologische Dysfunktionen, Beltz Weinheim S 189-198
     
  345. Kröner-Herwig B (1987) Untersuchung der Validität von Kopfschmerzsyndromskalen. Diagnostica 33:64-73
     
  346. Krajnik M, Zylicz Z, Finlay I, Luczak J, van Sorge M (1999) Potential uses of topical opioids in palliative care - report of 6 cases. Pain 80: 121-25
     
  347. Krames ES (1996) Intraspinal opioid therapy for chronic nonmalignant pain: current practice and clinical guidelines. J Pain Symptom Manage 11:333-52
     
  348. Krames ES (1997) Pain management: Establishing a role for implantable technologies. J Back Musculoskeltal Rehabil 9:202-22
     
  349. Krames ES (1997) Rational use of opioids for nonmalignant pain. J Pharm Care Pain Symptom Control 5:3-15
     
  350. Krames ES, Chapple 1 (2000) The 8703W Catheter Study Group. Reliability and clinical utility of an implanted intraspinal catheter used in the treatment of spasticity and pain. Neuromodulation 3: 7-14
     
  351. Krames ES, Lanning RM (1993) Intrathecal infusional analgesia for nonmalignant pain: Analgesic efficacy of intrathecal opioid with or without bupivacaine. J Pain Symptom Manage 8:53948
     
  352. Krames ES; Olson K (1997) Clinical realities and economic considerations: Patient selection in intrathecal therapy. J Pain Symptom Manage 14 (Suppl):S3-S13
     
  353. Krom JS, Ali A, York M, Pemn RD (1993) The distribution of medication along the spinal canal after chronic intrathecal administration. Neurosurgery 33:226-230
     
  354. Kucuk N, Kkilkaya M, Tokdemir M (1998) Preoperative epidural ketamine does not have a postoperative opioid sparing effect. Anesth Analg 87:103-106
     
  355. Kumar K, Kelly M, Pirlot T (2001) Continuous intrathecal morphine treatment for chronic pain of non-malignant etiology: long-term benefits and efficacy. Surge Neural 55:79-88
     
  356. Kumar K, Nath R, Toth C (1997) Spinal cord stimulation is effective in the management of reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Neurosurgery 40:503-509
     
  357. Kumar K, Toth C, Nath R (1997) Deep brain stimulation for intractable pain: a 15-year experience clinical study. Neurosurgery 40:736-747
     
  358. Kumar K, Toth C, Nath RK, Laing P (1998) Epidural spinal cord stimulation for treatment of chronic pain-some predictors of success. A 15-year experience. Surg Neurol 50:110-120; discussion 120-121
     
  359. Kupers RC, Van den Oever R, Van Houdenhove B (1994) Spinal cord stimulation in Belgium: a nation-wide survey on the incidence, indications and therapeutic efficacy by the health insurer. Pain 56:211-216
     
  360. Kuratorium Knochengesundheit E.V. (Hg.) (1996): Sprechstunde Osteoporose. Vorbeuge-Programm gegen Knochenschwund. Erste Anzeichen erkennen. Schmerzen lindern, Knochen stärken. Praktische Hilfe für den Alltag. Gräfe und Unzer, 160 Seiten, DM 19,80
     
  361. Lagas HM, Zuurmond WWA, Smith van Rietschoten W (1984) Transcutaneous nervestimulation for the treatment of postoperative pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 35 (Suppl):253-57
     
  362. Laitinen J, Nuutinen L (1991) Failure of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and indomethacin to reduce opiate requirement following cholecystectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 35:700-5
     
  363. Lang E, Eisele R, Bickel A, Winter E, Schlabeck M, Kastner S, Sittl R, Liebig K, Martus P, Neundörfer B (1999) Strukturqualität in der ambulanten Versorqung chronisch schmerzkranker Patienten. Schmerz 13: 102-1 12
     
  364. Lang EV, Benotsch EG, Fick LJ, Lutgendorf S, Berbaum ML, Logan H, Spiegel D (2000) Adjunctive non-pharma cological analgesia for invasive medical procedures: A randomised trial. Lancet 355:1486-1490
     
  365. Lang EV, Joyce JS, Spiegel D, Hamilton D, Lee KK (1996) Self-hypnotic relaxation during intewentional radiological procedures: Effects on pain perception and intravenous drug use. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 44:106-119
     
  366. Large RG, Schug SA (1995) Opioids for chronic pain of non-malignant origin: caring or crippling. Health Care Anal 3:5-1 1
     
  367. Larsen B, Macher F, Bolte M, Larsen R (1995) Blockade des Ganglion stellatum mit transkutaner elektrischer Ner venstimulation (TENS): Eine Doppelblindstudie an gesunden Probande. Anaesthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 30:155-62
     
  368. Larsen B, Otto H, Dorscheid E, Larsen R (1999) Aufmerksamkeitsbelastung und Reaktionszeiten unter Opioid dauertherapie. Ein Vergleich mit chronischen Schmerzpatienten und mit Nichtschmerzpatienten. Anaesthesist 48:613- 624
     
  369. Larsson B, Bille B, Pedersen NL (1995) Genetic influence in headache: A Swedish twin study. Headache 35:513 - 519
     
  370. Lauretti GR, Azevedo VMS (1996) Intravenous ketamine or fentanyl prolongs postoperative analgesia after intrathe cal neostigmine. Anesth Analg 83:766-770
     
  371. Lauretti GR, Lima ICPR, Reis MP, Prado WA, Pereira NL (1999) Oral ketamine and transdermal nitroglycerin as analgesic adjuvants to oral morphine therapy for cencer pain management. Anesthesiology 90: 1528-1533
     
  372. Lauretti GR, Oliviera APM, Rodrigues AM, Paccola CAJ (2001 ) The effect of transdermal nitroglycerin on spinal S(+)-ketamine antinociception following orthopaedic surgery. J Clin Anesth 13:576-81
     
  373. Lazorthes Y, Siegfried J, Verdie JC, Casaux J (1995) Chronic spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of neurogenic pain. Cooperative and retrospective study on 20 years of follow-up. Neurochirurgie 41:73-86; discussion 87-88
     
  374. Ledergerber CP (1978) Postoperative electroanalgesia. Obstet Gynecol 51:33448
     
  375. Lehmann KA, Klaschik M (2001 ) Klinische Untersuchung über die preemptive Analgesie durch niedrig dosiertes Ketamin. Eine prospektive, randomisierte Doppelblindstudie im Vergleich zu Placebo. Schmerz 15:248-53
     
  376. Lehmann KA. (1999) Schmerzfragebogen der DGSS. Schmerz 13:237-239
     
  377. Leong MS, Calabrese JF, Heit G (2001) Intraventricular administration of morphine and clonidine. Anesthesiology 94:1 141-1 143
     
  378. Lescure F, Gurny R, Doelker E, Augustynski J (1989) Utilisation du principe de l'iontohorese ou de l'electophorese pour le controle de la liberation de substance medicamenteuses (Use of the principle of iontophoresis or of electro phoresis for study of drug. release) Pharm Act Helv 64:210-19
     
  379. Liem LA, vam Dongen VCPC ( 1997) Magnetic resonance imaging and spinal cord stimulation systems. Pain 70:95-97
     
  380. Lim AT, Edis G, Kranz H, Mendelson G, Selwood T, Scott DF (1983) Postoperative pain control: contribution of psychological factors and transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Pain 17: 179-88
     
  381. Lin TC, Wong CS, Chen F C, Lin S Y, Ho ST (1998) Long-term epidural ketamine, morphine and bupivacaine attenuate reflex sympathetic dystrophy neuralgia. Can J Anaesth 45:175-177
     
  382. Linderoth B, Foreman RD ( 1999 ) Physiology of Spinal cord stimulation: review and update. Neuromodulation 2:150164
     
  383. Linderoth B, Stiller CO, Gunasekera L (1994) GABA is released in the dorsal horn by electrical spinal cord stimulation: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. Neurosurgery 34:484-489
     
  384. Linton SJ, Ryberg M (2000) Do epidemiological results replicate? The prevalence and health-economic consequences of neck and back pain in the general population. Eur J Pain 4:347-54
     
  385. Lipman AG (1997) Opioids in chronic nonmalignant pain: The debate continues. J Pharm Care Pain Symptom Control 5:1-2
     
  386. Lloyd-Williams M (2000) Ketamine for cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 19:79-80
     
  387. Lord WD (1997) Burns management in children. Bailliere's Clin Anaesthesiol 11:407-426
     
  388. Lorenz J, Beck H, Bromm B (1997) Cognitive performance, mood and experimental pain before and during morphine-induced analgesia in patients with chronic non-malignant pain. Pain 73:369-75
     
  389. Lu DP, Lu GP, Kleinman L (2001) Acupuncture and clinical hypnosis for facial and head and neck pain: A single crossover comparison. Am J Clin Hypn 44:141-148
     
  390. Luscombe FE, Wallace L, Williams J, Griffiths DPG (1995) A District General Hospital pain management programme: First year experiences and outcomes. Anaesthesia 50:114-17
     
  391. Lyles JN, Burish TG, Krozely MG, Oldham RK (1982) Efficacy of relaxation training and guided imagery in reducing the aversiveness of cancer chemotherapy. J Consult Clin Psychol 50:509-524
     
  392. Mäntyselkä P, Kumpusalo E, Ahonen R, Kumpusalo A, Kauhanen J, Viinamäki H, Halonen P, Takala J (2001) Pain as a reason to visit the doctor: a study in Finnish primary health care. Pain 89: 175-80
     
  393. Mäntyselkä PT, Kumpusalo EA, Ahonen RS, Takala JK (2002) Direct and indirect costs of managing patients with musculoskeletal pain -challenge for health care. Eur J Pain 6:14148
     
  394. Mühlig S, Petermann F (1997) Idiopathischer Bauchschmerz im Kindesalter. Ergebnisse, Defizite und Perspektiven empirischer Forschung. Schmerz 11:148-157
     
  395. Machin D, Lewith GT, Wylson S (1988) Pain measurement in radomized clinical trials. Clin J Pain 4:161-68
     
  396. Malone MD, Strube MJ, Scogin FR (1988) Metaanalysis of non-medical treatment for chronic pain. Pain 34:231-244
     
  397. Maniadakis N, Gray A (2000) The economic burden of back pain in the UK. Pain 84:95-103
     
  398. Marhofer P, Krenn CG, Pöchl W, Wallner T, Glaser C, Koinig H, Fleischmann E, Höchtl A, Semsroth M (2000) S(+) Ketamine for caudal block in paediatric anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 84:34145
     
  399. Maron J, Loeser JD (1996) Spinal opiold infusions in the treatment of chronic pain of nonmalignant origin. Clin J Pain 12:1 74-79
     
  400. Martin M et al. (2001) The effects of hypnosis on the labor processes and birth outcomes of pregnant adolescents. J Fam Pract 50:441443
     
  401. Maruta T, Malinchoc M, Offord KP, Colligan RC (1998) Status of patients with chronic pain 13 years after treatment in a pain management center. Pain 74: 199-204
     
  402. Mathisen LC, Skjelbred P, Skoglund LA, Oye I (1995) Effect of ketamine, an NMDA receptor inhibitor, in acute and chronic orofacial pain. Pain 61 :215-220
     
  403. Max MB, Byas-Smith MG, Gracely RH, Bennett GJ (1995) Intravenous infusion of the NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in chronic posttraumatic pain with allodynia: A double-blind comparison to alfentanil and placebo. Clin Neuro pharmacol 18:360-368
     
  404. Mayer TG, Gatchel RJ, Mayer H, Kishino ND, Keeley J, Money V (1987) A prospective two-year study of functional restoration in industrial low back injury. An objective assessment procedure. JAMA 258: 1763-1767
     
  405. McCallum MID, Glynn CJ, Moore RA, Lammer P, Phillips AM (1988) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the management of acute postoperative pain. Br J Aneesth 61 :308-12
     
  406. McCleane GJ (1998) The cholecystokinin antagonist proglumide enhances the analgesic efficacy of morphine in humans with chronic benign pain. Anesth Analg 87: 1117-20
     
  407. McGrath PA, Speechley KN, Seifert CE, Biehn JT, Cairney AEL, Gorodzinsky FP, Dickie GL, McCusker PJ, Morrissy JR (2000) A survey of children's acute, recurrent, and chronic pain: validation of the pain experience inter view. Pain 87:59-73
     
  408. McQuay HJ (1997) Opioid use in chronic pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:175-83
     
  409. McQuay HJ, Carroll D, Glynn CJ (1992) Low dose amitriptyline in the treatment of chronic pain. Anaesthesla 47:646-52
     
  410. McQuay-HJ, Jadad-AR, Carroll-D, Faura-C, Glynn-CJ, Moore-RA, Liu-Y (1992) Opiold sensitivity of chronic pain: A patient-controlled analgesia method. Anaesthesia 47:757-67
     
  411. Melis PML, Rooimanns W, Spierings ELH (1991) Treatment of chronic tension headache with hypnotherapy. A single blind controlled study. Headache 31:686489
     
  412. Meller ST (1996) Ketamine: Relief from chronic pain through actions at the NMDA receptor? Pain 68:435436
     
  413. Melzack R (1995) Model of scientific reasoning. Landmark articie on the management of chronic non-malignant pain. Can Fam Phys41: 9-12
     
  414. Melzack R, Perry C (1975) The use of alpha-feedback and hypnotic training for the control of chronic pain. Exp Neurol 46:452469
     
  415. Mercadante S (1996) Ketamine in cancer pain: An update. Palliative Med 10:225-230
     
  416. Mercadante S, Arcuri E, Tirelli W, Casuccio A (2000) Analgesic effect of intravenous ketamine in cancer patients on morphine therapy: a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover, double dose study. J Pain Symptom Manage 20:246-52
     
  417. Mercedante S, Lodi F, Sapio M, Calligara M, Serretta R (1995) Long-term ketamine subcutaneous continuous infusion in neuropathic cancer pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 10:564-568
     
  418. Merino V, Kalia N, Guy RH (1997) Transdermal therapy and diagnosis by iontophoresis. Trends Biotechnol 15:288 - 90
     
  419. Merry AF, Schug SA, Richards EG, Large RG (1991 ) Opioids in the treatment of chronic pain of nonmalignant origin. New Zealand Med J 104:520-21
     
  420. Merry AF, Schug SA, Richards EG, Large RG (1992) Opioids in chronic pain of non malignant origin: State of the debate in New Zealand. Eur J Pain 13:39-43
     
  421. Merskey H, Bogduk N (1994) Classification of chronic pain: Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. 2nd edition, IASP Press
     
  422. Messner K, Studt HH, Amds HG, Hagedorn E (1972) Uberprüfung der gegenseitigen Abhängigkeit von vier psycho somatischen Symptomen. Z Psychosom Med Psychoanal 18:17-20
     
  423. Meyerson BA (2000) Basic mechanisms of spinal cord stimulation. European Journal of Pain 3:389-391
     
  424. Mikkelsen S, Jorgensen H, Larsen PS, Brennum J, Dahl JB (2000) Effect of oral ketamine on secondary hyper algesia, thermal and mechanical pain thresholds, and sedation in humans. Reg Anesth Pain Med 25:452-58
     
  425. Mikkelson M, Salminen JJ, Sourander A, Kautiainen H (1998) Contributing factors to the persistence of musculoskeletal pain in preadolescents: a prospective 1-year follow-up study. Pain 77:67-72
     
  426. Mindach M (2000) Keine Opioidabhängigkeit bei Schmerzpatienten? Fragen eines lesenden Arztes. Schmerz 14:186-91
     
  427. Mion G, Ruttimann M, Daniel L (1997) Infra-anaesthetic ketamine dosage in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Ann FrAnesth Reanim 16:81-82
     
  428. Mkutani A, Taniguchi K, Miyagawa A, Ikebe H, Yoshitake S, Honda N (1995) The analgesic effect of iontophoresis with magneslum sulfate. Jpn J Anesthesiol 44: 1076-79
     
  429. Molsberger A, Wehling P, Müller U, Schultz KP (1989) Der chronische Schmerzpatient in der Orthopädie. Schmerz 3:67-72
     
  430. Monsalve V, Andres JA, Valia JC (2000) Application of a psychological decision algorithm for the selection of patients susceptible to implantation of neuromodulation systems for the treatment of chronic pain. A proposal. Neuromodulation 3:191-200
     
  431. Montgomery GH, Duhamel KN, Redd W (2000) A metaanalysis of hypnotically induced analgesia: How effective is hypnosis? Int J Clin Exp Hypn 48: 138-153
     
  432. Montgomery GH, Weltz CR, Seltz M, Bovbjer DH (2002) Brief presurgery hypnosis reduces distress and pain in excisional biopsy patients. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 50: 17-32
     
  433. Moran C (1991) MST Continus tablets and pain control in severe rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Clin Res 2:1-12
     
  434. Morgan B, Jones AR, Mulcahy KA, Finlay DB, Collett B (1996) Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) during distension shouider arthrography: a controlled trial. Pain 64:265-67
     
  435. Morimoto M, Hakuto T, Morimoto E, Kato H, Iwasaku K, Kurioka M, Hyodo M (1991) lontophoretic administration of indomethacin in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Jpn J Anesthesiol 40: 125640
     
  436. Moulin DE (1999) Opioids in chronic nonmalignant pain. In Stein C (ed) Opioids in Pain Control. Basic and Clinical Aspects; Cambridge University Press, pp 295-308
     
  437. Moulin DE, Amireh R, Sharpe WKJ, Boyd D, Merskey H (1996) Randomised trial of oral morphine for chronic non cancer pain. Lancet 347:14347
     
  438. Muller A, Lemos D (1996) Cancer pain: Beneficial effect of ketamine addition to a morphine-cionidine-lidocaine mixture administered by intrathecal route. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 15:271-276
     
  439. Murphy TM, Hinds S, Cherry D (1987) Intraspinal narcotics: non-malignant pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 31 (Suppl)
     
  440. Nachemson AL (1992) Newest knowledge of low back pain. A critical look. Clin Orthop 279:8-20
     
  441. Naguib M, Adu-Gyamfi Y, Kawana Y, Sato H (1988) Epidural ketamine for postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg 67:798-799
     
  442. Naguib M, Sharif AMY, Seraj M, El-Gammal ME, Dawlatly M (1991 ) Ketamine for caudal analgesia in children: Comparison with caudal bupivacaine. Br J Anaesth 67:559-564
     
  443. Nanda A, Khar RK (1990) lontophoretic delivery of drugs. Indian Drugs 28: 1-7
     
  444. Nasu Y, Hayashi T, Aramaki K, Johsen T (1988) Continuous drip infusion of ketamine and diazepam for the management of pain in the terminal stage of urogenital cancer. Nishinihon J Urol 50: 1255-1257
     
  445. Naumann C, Erdme S, Koulousakis A, Van Byten P, Schuchard M (1999) Drug adverse events and system complications of intrathecal opioid delivery for pain: origins, detection, manifestations, and management. Neuromodulation 2:92-107
     
  446. Neary JM (1981) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the relief of post-incisional surgical pain. J Am Assoc Nurse Anesth 49:151-55
     
  447. Neubert R, Schmalfuß U, Wohlrab W, Huschka C (1996) Wirkstoffpenetration in die Haut und deren Modulation. Pharm Ztg 141:1 1-23
     
  448. Nguyen JP, Lefaucher JP, Le Guerinel C, Eizenbaum JF, Nakano N, Carpentier A, Brugieres P, Pollm B, Rostaing S, Keravel Y (2000) Motor cortex stimulation in the treatment of central and neuropathic pain. Archives of Medical Research 3 1:263-265
     
  449. Nicolodi M, Sicuteri F (1995) Expioration of NMDA receptors in migraine: Therapeutic and theoretic implications. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 15:181-189
     
  450. Nikolajsen L, Hansen CL, Nielsen J, Keller J, Arendt-Nielsen L, Jensen TS (1996) The effect of ketamine on phantom pain: A central neuropathic disorder maintained by peripheral input. Pain 67:69-77
     
  451. NikolajsenL, HansenPO, JensenTS (1997) Oral ketamine therapy in the treatment of postamputation stump pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scend 41:427429
     
  452. Nimmo WS (1992) Novel delivery systems: electrotransport. J Pain Symptom Manage 7: 160-62
     
  453. Nitescu P, Dahm P, Appelgren L, Curelaru I (1998) Continuous infusion of opioid and bupivacaine by externalized intrathecal catheters in long-term treatment of "refractory" nonmalignant pain. Clin J Pain 14:17-28
     
  454. NN (1996) Management of radiation-induced brachial plexus neuropathy. Oncology 10:685-705
     
  455. North RB (1996) Electrical stimulation for pain: spinal cord and peripheral nerve stimulation. In: Tindall GT, Cooper PR, Barrow DL (eds) The practice of neurosurgery. Williems & Wilkins, Baltimore, p 3091-3100
     
  456. North RB, Kidd DH, Piantadosi S (1995) Spinal cord stimulation versus reoperation for failed back surgery syndrome: a prospective, randomized study design. Acta Neurochir Suppl(Wien) 64:106-108
     
  457. Northcote LAM (1998) Adequate pain relief is important in non-malignantconditions. Br Med J 317:281
     
  458. Notcutt WG (1994) Transporting patients with ovenNhelming pain. Anaesthesia 49:145-147
     
  459. Nunez M, Miralles ES, Boixeda P, Gomez F, Perez B, Abraira V, Ledo A (1997) lontophoresis for anesthesia during pulsed dye laser treatment of Port-Wine Stains. Pediatr Dermatol 14:397400
     
  460. Nuttin B, Ivanhoe C, Albright L, Dimitrijevic M, Saltuari L (1999) Intrathecal baclofen therapy for spasticity of cerebral origin: cerebral palsy and brain injury. Neuromodulation 2:120-132
     
  461. Ochs G (1998) Die spinale Opiat-Analgesie in der Behandlung chronischer Schmerzen. Nervenheilkunde 17: 173-75
     
  462. Ochs G, Naumann C, Dimitrijevic M, Sindou M (1999) Intrathecal baclofen therapy for spinal origin spasticity: spinal cord injury, spinal cord disease and multiple sclerosis. Neuromodulation 2:108-119
     
  463. Ogawa S, Kanamura T, Noda K, Saeki S, Katsumata N, Kato J, Nakamura T, Saito -H, Suzuki H (1994) Intra venous microdrip infusion of ketamine in subanaesthetic doses for intractable terminal cancer pain. Pain Clinic 7:1 25-1 29
     
  464. Oshima E, Tei K, Kayazawa H, Urabe N (1990) Continuous subcutaneous injection of ketamine for cancer pain. Can J Anaesth 37:385-386
     
  465. Oshima T, Kashiki K, Toyooka H, Masuda A, Amaha K (1994) Cutaneous iontophoretic application of condensed lidocaine. Can J Anaesth 41:677-79
     
  466. Oye I (1998) Ketamine analgesia, NMDA receptors and the gates of perception. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 42:747 - 749
     
  467. Oye I, Rabben T, Fagerlund TH (1996) Analgesic effect of ketamine in a patient with neuropathic pain. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 116:3130-3131
     
  468. Ozawa T, Araki K, Taniguchi E, Harino S, Hara J, Mori Y, Yamamoto S, Shimomura Y, Manabe R (1989) Treatment of ophthalmic postherpetic neuralgia by a new type of iontophoreser. Folia Ophthalmol Jpn 40:2932-37
     
  469. Paice JA, Pemm RD, Shott S (1996) Intraspinal morphine for chronic pain: a retrospective, multicenter study. J Pain Symptom Manage 11:71-80.
     
  470. Paice JA; Winkelmüller W; Burchiel K; Racz GB; Prager JP (1997) Clinical realities and economic considerations: Efficacy of intrathecal pain therapy. J Pain Symptom Manage 14 (Suppl): S14-S26
     
  471. Pal SK, Cortiella J, Herndon D (1997) Adjunctive methods of pain control in burns. Burns 23:404412
     
  472. Pappagallo M, Heinberg LJ (1997) Ethical issues in the management of chronic nonmalignant pain. Semin Neurol 17:203-11
     
  473. Patterson DR, Everett JJ, Burns GL, Marvin JA (1992) Hypnosis for the treatment of bum pain. J Consult Clin Psychol 60:713-717
     
  474. Patterson DR, Ptacek JT (1997) Baseline pain as a moderator of hypnotic analgesia for burn injury treatment. J Consult Clin Psycholol 65:60-67
     
  475. Peck, C. (1990): Schmerz laß nach! Selbsthilfe bei chronischen Schmerzen. Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag Hamburg, 222 Seiten, DM 12,80
     
  476. Pedersen JL, Galle TS, Kehlet H (1998) Peripheral analgesic effects of ketamine in acute inflammatory pain. Anesthesiology 89:5846
     
  477. Peikert, A. (1993): Kopfschmerzen. Alles über chronische Kopfschmerzen, Migräne, Neuralgien. Wirksame Be handlungsmöglichkeiten mit und ohne Medikamente. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, 162 Seiten, DM 29,80
     
  478. Perkins FM, Kehlet H (2000) Chronic pain as an outcome of surgery. A review of predictive factors. Anesthesiology 93: 1123-1133
     
  479. Perquin CW, Hazebroek-Kampscheur MJM, Hunfeld JAM, van Suijlekom-Smit LWA, Passchier J, van der Wouden JC (2000) Chronic pain among children and adolescents: physician consultation and medication use. Clin J Pain 16:229-35
     
  480. Perquin CW, Hazebroek-Kampschreur AJM, Hunfeld JAM, Bohnen AM, van Suijlekom-Smit LWA, Passchier J, van der Wouden JC (2000) Pain in children and adolescents: a common experience. Pain 87:51-58
     
  481. Perquin CW, Hunfeld JAM, Hazebroek-Kampfschreur MJM, van Suijlekom-Smit LWA, Passchier J, Koes BW, van der Wouden JC (2001) Insights in the use of health care services in chronic benign pain in childhood and adolescence. Pain 94:205-13
     
  482. Persson J, Axelsson G, Hallin RG, Gustafsson LL (1995) Beneficial effects of ketamine in a chronic pain state with allodynia, possibly due to central sensitization. Pain 60:217-222
     
  483. Persson J, Hasselstrom J, Wiklund B, Heller A, Svensson JO, Gustafsson LL (1998) The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arterioscierosis obliterans. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 42:750-758
     
  484. Peters J, Large RG, Elkind G (1992) Follow-up results from a randomised controlled trial evaluating in- and out patient pain management programmes. Pain 50:41-50
     
  485. Phillips CH (2001) The real cost of pain management. Anaesthesia 56:1031-33
     
  486. Piguet V, Desmeules J, Allaz AF; Constantin C, Kondo-Oestreicher M, Dayer P (1997) Douleures chroniques et dependance aux opioides: experience d'une consultation specialisee. Med Hyg 55:806-9
     
  487. Pike PMH (1978) Transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Its use in the management of postoperative pain. Anaesthesia 33:165-71
     
  488. Pinter MM, Gerstenbrand F, Dimitrijevic MR (2000) Epidural electrical stimulation of posterior structures of the human lumbosacral cord: 3. Control of spasticity. Spinal Cord 38:524-531
     
  489. Png DJC, Ki MK (1996) Use of iontophoretic anaesthesia in urologic surgery: a preliminary experience Singepore Med J 37:636-38
     
  490. Portenoy RK (1990) Chronic opiold therapy in nonmalignant pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 5:S46-S62
     
  491. Portenoy RK (1994) Opioid therapy for chronic nonmalignant pain: Current status. In H.L. Fields, J.C. Liebeskind (eds) Progress in Pain Research and ManagementIASP Press Seattle: 247-87
     
  492. Portenoy RK (1996) Opioid therapy for chronic nonmalignant pain: a review of the critical issues. J Pain Symptom Manage 11:203-17
     
  493. Portenoy RK, Foley KM (1986) Chronic use of opioid analgesics in non-malignant pain: report of 38 cases. Pain 25:171-86 (s. hierzu auch Pro- und Kontra-Diskussion in Schmerz 2:47-51 (1988) und Schmerz 2:167-69 (1988))
     
  494. Portenoy RK, Foley KM, Inturrisi CE (1990) The nature of opioid responsiveness and its implications for neuropathic pain: new hypotheses derived from studies of opioid intusions. Pain 43:273-86
     
  495. Portenoy RK, Savage SR (1997) Clinical realities and economic considerations: Special therapeutic issues in intrathecal therapy - tolerance and addiction. J Pain Symptom Manage 14 (Suppl): S27-S35
     
  496. Portenoy RK, Yang K, Thorton D (1988) Chronic intractable pain: an atypical presentation of multiple scierosis. J Neurol 235:226-28
     
  497. Puccetti G, Galassi A, Gigli P, Pierallini FM, Pieraccini A, Scalabrino A (1992) lonoforesi con tenoxicam nella terapia dell'osteoartrosi (lontophoresis combined with tenoxicam in the treatment of osteoarthritis). Clin Ter 1 40:23942
     
  498. Quang-Cantarel, Wallace MS, Magnuson SK (2000) Opioid substitution to improve the effectiveness of chronic noncancer pain control: a chart review. Anesth Analg 90:933-37
     
  499. Rabben T, Oye I (2001 ) Interindividual differences in the analgesic response to ketamine in chronic orofacial pain. Eur J Pain 5:23340
     
  500. Rainov NG, Heidecke V, Albertz C, Burkert WL (1994) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for acute postoperative pain after spinal surgery. Eur J Pain 15:44-49
     
  501. Rainov NG, Heidecke V, Burkert W (2001) Long-term intrathecal infusion of drug combinations for chronic back and leg pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 22:862-71
     
  502. Ralphs JA, Williams ACC, Richardson PH, Pither CE, Nicholas MK (1994) Opiate reduction in chronic pain patients: a comparison of patient-controlled reduction and staff controlled cocktail methods. Pain 56:279-88
     
  503. Ramirez-Guerrero A, Plancarte R, Clemenceau P, Salado M, Mille E (1990) Double blind study comparing ketamine and peridural meperidine for postoperative analgesia. Rev Mex Anestesiol 13:6245
     
  504. Rapp SE, Wild LM, Egan KJ, Ready LB (1994) Acute pain management of the chronic pain patient on opiates: a survey of caregivers at University of Washington Medical Center. Clin J Pain 10:133-38
     
  505. Rasmussen BK, Jensen R, Olesen J (1991) Questionaire versus clinical interview in the diagnosis of headache. Headache 31 :290-296
     
  506. Raspe H (1993) Deskriptive Schmerzepidemiologie. In Egle UT, Hoffmann SO (Hrsg) Der Schmerzkranke: Grund lagen, Pathogenese, Klinik und Therapie chronischer Schmerzsyndrome aus bio-psycho-sozialer Sicht. Schattauer Stuttgart New York, S 69-77
     
  507. Raspe H, Kohimann T (1993) Rückenschmerzen - eine Epidemie unserer Tage. Dtsch Ärztebl 44: B 2165-2169 oder A1 :2920-2925
     
  508. Raspe H, Kohimann T (1994) Die aktuelle Rückenschmerzepidemie. Ther Umsch 51:367-374
     
  509. Raspe HH, Kohimann T (1991) Fortschritte in der Klinischen Diagnostik und Dokumentation des chronisch-rheu matischen Schmerzes. Schmerz 5 (Suppl 1):S38-S51
     
  510. Raspe HH, Wasmus A, Greif G, Kohimann T, Kindel P, Mahrenholtz M (1990) Rückenschmerzen in Hannover. Akt Rheumatol 15:32-37
     
  511. Rawal N, Sjöstrand UH (1986) Clinical application of epidural and intrathecal opioids for pain management. Int Anesthesiol Clin 24:43-57
     
  512. Reddy SK, Weinstein SM (1995) Medical decision-making in a patient with a history of cancer and chronic non malignant pain. Clin J Pain 11:24246
     
  513. Reidenberg MM; Portenoy RK (1994) The need for an open mind about the treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain. Clin Pharmacol Ther 55:367-69
     
  514. Reihsaus E, Waldbaur H, Seeling W (2000) Spinal epidural abscess: a meta-analysis of 915 patients. Neurosurg Rev 232:175-204
     
  515. Reisine T, Pasternak G (1996) Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In:Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Molinoff PB (eds) Godman & Gilman's The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 9th ed McGraw-Hill, New York, 523
     
  516. Reiter RC (1998) Evidence-based management of chronic pelvic pain. Clin Obstet Gynecol 41:422435
     
  517. Reuss R, Cronen P, Ablanalp L (1988) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain control after chole cystectomy: lack of expected benefits. South Med J 81:1361-63
     
  518. Reyes-Gibby CC, Aday LA, Cleeland C (2002) Impact of pain on self-rated health in the community-dwelling older adults. Pain 95:75-82
     
  519. Richards AH (1995) The use of controlled-release morphine sulfate (MS Contin) in Queensland 1990-1993. Med J Aust 163:181-82
     
  520. Roberts LJ, Finch PM, Price LM, Pullan PT (1998) Sex hormone levels in patients recelving long-term intrathecal opioids for chronic non-malignant pain. Anaesth Intensive Care 26:324
     
  521. Robinson RC, Gatchel RJ, Polantin P, Deschner M, Noe C, Gajraj N (2001) Screening for problematic prescription opiold use. Clin J Pain 17:220-28
     
  522. Rooney SM, Jain S, Goldiner PL (1983) Effect of transcutaneous nerve stimulation on postoperative pain after thoracotomy. Anesth Analg 62:1010-12
     
  523. Rooney SM, Jain S, McCormack P, Bains MS, Martini N, Goldiner PL (1986) A comparison of pulmonary function tests for postthoracotomy pain using cryoanalgesia and transcutaneous nerve stimulation. Ann Thorac Surg 41 :204 - 207
     
  524. Rosenberg M, Curtis L, Bourke DL (1978) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the relief of postoperative pain. Pain 5: 129-33
     
  525. Roytblat L, Korotkoruchko A, Katz J, Glazer M, Greemberg L, Fisher A (1993) Postoperative pain: The effect of low dose ketamine in addition to general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 77:1161-1165
     
  526. Ruchinskas R, O'Grady T (2000) Psychological variables predict decisions regarding implantation of a spinal cord stimulator. Neuromodulation 3: 183-189
     
  527. Russell SCS, Doyle E (1997) A risk-benefit assessment of topical percutaneous local anaesthetics in children. Drug Saf 16:279-87
     
  528. Söllner W, Doering S (1997) Psychologische Therapieverfahren bei chronischen nicht radikulären Rückenschmer zen. Schmerz 11:418429
     
  529. Sabatowski R, Arens ER, Waap I, Radbruch L (2001) Tumorschmerztherapie in Deutschland. Ergebnisse und Analysen einer Befragung von Ärzten. Schmerz 15:241-47
     
  530. Sabatowski R, Radbruch L, Grond S, Göhring UJ (2000) Treatment of severe low back pain with opioids during pregnancy in a patient with incomplete tetraplegia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 44:348-50
     
  531. Sadil V, Sadil S (1994) Elektrotherapie. Wien Med Wochenschr 144:509-20
     
  532. Sadler PJ, Thompson HM, Maslowski P, Liddle A, Rowbotham DJ (1999) lontophoretically applied lidocaine reduces pain on propofol injection. Br J Anaesth 82:432-34
     
  533. Sage BH, Riviere JE (1992) Model systems in iontophoresis - transport efficacy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 9:265-87
     
  534. Saggini R, Zoppi M, Vecchiet F, Gatteschi L, Obletter G, Giamberardino MA (1996) Comparison of electromotive drug administration with ketorolac or placebo in patients with pain from rheumatic disease: a double-masked study. Clin Ther 18:1 169-74
     
  535. Sarihasan B, Guidogus F, Esener Z, Erbay H, Ustun E (1993) Ketamine for caudal analgesia in children: Comparison with caudal bupivacaine. Agri Derg 5:25-29
     
  536. Sarihasan B, Guidogus F, Gunaydin A, Esener Z (1994) A comparison of intrathecal alfentanil-bupivacaine and ketamine-bupivacaine combinations in postoperative analgesia. Agri Derg 6:20-24
     
  537. Sasagawa T, Nishiyama T, Imai T (1990) Epidural ketamine for vesical tenesmus relief after prostate surgery. Nishinihon J Urol 52:141-142
     
  538. Sator-Katzenschlager S, Deusch E, Maier P, Spacek A, Kress HG (2001) The long-term antinociceptive effect of intrathecal S(+)-ketamine in a patient with established morphine tolerance. Anesth Analg 93: 1032-34
     
  539. Savage SR (1993) Addiction in the treatment of pain: significance, recognition, and manegement. J Pain Symptom Manage 8:265-78
     
  540. Savage SR (1996) Long-term opioid therapy: assessment of consequences and risks. J Pain Symptom Manage Savage SR (1999) Opioid therapy of chronic pain: assessment of consequences. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 43:909 - 917
     
  541. Schechter NL, Berrien FB, Katz SM (1988) The use of patient-controlled analgesia in adolescents with sickle cell pain crisis: a preliminary report. J Pain Sympt Manage 3: 109-13
     
  542. Schmerztherapeutisches Kolloquium (Hrsg.) (1990): Was Sie über den Schmerz wissen sollten. Pharma-Verlag, August Schanz Str. 21, Frankfurt, 70 Seiten, DM 19,80
     
  543. Schmid RL, Sandler AN, Ka~•Q J (1999) Use and efficacy of low-dose ketamine in the management of acute post operative pain: a review of current techniques and outcomes. Pain 82:1 11-125
     
  544. Schofferman J (1993) Long-term use of opioid analgesics for the treatment of chronic pain of nonmalignant origin. J Pain Symptom Manage 8:279-88
     
  545. Schofferman J (1999) Long-term opioid analgesic therapy for severe refractory lumbar spine pain. Clin J Pain 15:13640
     
  546. Scholz OB (1982) Zur multimodalen Deskription psychosomatischer Störungen, dargestellt am Beispiel des funktio nellen Kopfschmerzes. DGfP (Hrsg.): Bericht über den 33. Kongreß der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie, Mainz, S 828-832
     
  547. Scholz, R.: Migräne - Gewitter im Gehirn. Verlag Kunstmann, DM 19,80
     
  548. Schueler BA, Parrish TB, Lin IC, Hammer BE, Pangrle BJ, Ritenour ER, Kucharcyk J, Truwit CL (1999) MRI compatibility and visibility assessment of implantable medical devices. J Magn Reson Imaging 9:596-603
     
  549. Schulzeck S, Gleim M, Maier C (1993) Morphintabletten bei chronischen nicht-tumorbedingten Schmerzen. Welche Faktoren beeinflussen Erfolg oder Mißerfolg einer Langzeittherapie? Anaesthesist 42:545-56
     
  550. Schumacher J, Brähler E (1999) Prävelenz von Schmerzen in der deutschen Bevölkerung. Ergebnisse repräsenta tiver Erhebungen mit dem Gießener Beschwerdebogen. Schmerz 13:375-384
     
  551. Schuster GD, Infante MC (1980) Pain relief after low back surgery: the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Pain 8:299-302
     
  552. Seemann, H. u. Hartmann, M. (1993): Was Patienten mit einer Tumorerkrankung über Schmerzen wissen sollten. Deutsche Gesellschaft zum Studium des Schmerzes, 78 Seiten (kann kostenlos angefordert werden)
     
  553. Shapiro BS, Cohen DE, Howe CJ (1993) Patient-controlled analgesia for sickle-cell-related pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 8:22-28
     
  554. Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Breslau N (1995) Migraine: association with personality characteristics and psycho pathology. Cephalalgia 15:358-369
     
  555. Simon EP, Lewis DM (2000) Medical hypnosis for temporomandibular disorders: Treatment efficacy and medical utilization outcome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 90:54-63
     
  556. Simpson BA. (1997) Spinal cord stimulation. Br J Neurosurgery 11:5-11
     
  557. Simpson BA. (1999) Spinal cord and brain stimulation. In: Wall PD, Melzack R ( eds) Textbook of pain. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, p 1353-1381
     
  558. Simpson RK, Edmondson EA, Constant CF, Collier C (1997) Transdermal fentanyl as treatment for chronic low back pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 14:218-24
     
  559. Sindrup SH, Jensen TS (1999) Efficacy of pharmacological treatments of neuropathic pain: an update and effect related to mechanism of drug action. Pain 83 :389-400
     
  560. Singh J, Roberts MS (1989) Transdermal delivery of drugs by iontophoresis: a review. Drug Des Deliv 4:1-12
     
  561. Singh P, Maibach Hl (1996) lontophoresis: an altemative to the use of carriers in cutaneous drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 18:379-94
     
  562. Singh P, Malbach Hl (1994) lontophoresis in drug delivery: basic principles and applications Crit Rev Ther Drug Carr Syst 11:161-213
     
  563. Sjogren P, Thunedborg LP, Christrup L, Hansen SH, Franks J (1998) Is development of hyperalgesla, allodynia and myocionus related to morphine metabolism during long-term administration? Six case histories. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 42:1 070-75
     
  564. Smedley F, Taube M, Wastell C (1988) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain relief following inguinal hernia repair: a controlled trial. Eur Surg Res 20:233-37
     
  565. Smith CM, Gurainick MS, Gelfand MM, Jeans ME (1986) The effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on post-cesarean pain. Pain 27:181-93
     
  566. Smith CM, LaFlamme CA (1980) Managing a TENS program in the OR. AORN J 32:411-19
     
  567. Solomon RA, Viernstein MC, Long DM (1980) Reduction of postoperative pain and narcotic use by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Surgery 87:14246
     
  568. Sorensen J, Bengtsson A, Backman E, Henriksson KG, Bengtsson M (1995) Pain analysis in patients with fibro myalgia. Effects of intravenous morphine, lidocaine, and ketamine. Scand J Rheumatol 24:360-365
     
  569. Sorge J, Steffmann B, Lehmkuhl C, Pichimayr I (1991) Opioidanalgetika bei "nichtmalignen" Schmerzen - Langzeit behandlungsergebnisse bei Patienten mit rheumatischen Beschwerden. Schmerz 5:6046
     
  570. Sorge J, Werry C, Pichimayr I (1997) Stark wirksame Opioide zur Therapie chronischer Schmerzen. Metaanalyse. Schmerz 11:400-10
     
  571. Spiegel D, Bloom JR (1983) Group therapy and hypnosis reduce metastatic breast carcinoma pain. Psychosom Med 45:333-339
     
  572. Spincemaille GH, de Vet HC, Ubbink DT, Jacobs MJ (2001) The results of spinal cord stimulation. In: critical limb ischaemia: a review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surge 21:99-105
     
  573. Spincemaille GH, Klomp HM, Steyerberg EW, van Urk H, Habbema ID (2000) Technical data and complications of spinal cord stimulation: Data from a randomized trial on critical limb ischemia. Stereotact Fumct Neurosurg 74:63-72
     
  574. Spinhoven P, Linssen AC (1989) Education and self-hypnosis in the management of low back pain. A component analysis. Br J Clin Hypn 28:145-153
     
  575. Spinhoven P, Linssen AC, van Dyck R, Zitman FG (1992) Autogenic training and self-hypnosis in the control of tension headache. Gen Hosp Psych 14:408415
     
  576. Stabile ML, Mallory TH (1978) The management of postoperative pain in total joint replacement. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is evaluated in total hip and knee patients. Orthopaedic Review 7:121-23
     
  577. Stam HJ, McGrath PA, Brooke Rl (1984) The effects of a cognitive-behavioral treatment program on temporo mandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome. Psychos Med 46:534-545
     
  578. Stam HJ, Spanos NP (1987) Hypnotic analgesia, placebo analgesia and ischemic pain: The effects of contextual variables. J Abnormal Psychol 96:313-320
     
  579. Stanley TH, Streisand JB (1990) Alternative routes of administration and new drug delivery systems. Int Anesth Res Soc, Review Course Lectures 1990: 127-33
     
  580. Stannard CF, Porter GE (1993) Ketamine hydrochloride in the treatment of phantom limb pain. Pain 54:227-230
     
  581. Stanton-Hicks M, Salamon I (1997) Stimulation of the central and peripheral nervous system for the control of pain. J Clinical Neurophysiology 14:46-62
     
  582. Stein C (1996) Orale Opioide bei chronischen Nicht-Tumorschmerzen. Prospektive kontrollierte Studien nötig! Anaesthesist 45:493-94
     
  583. Stein C (1997) Opiold treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain. Anesth Analg 84:912-14
     
  584. Stephen R, Miotti D, Bettaglio R, Rossi C, Bonezzi C (1994) Electromotive administration of a new morphine for mulation: morphine citrate. Artif Organs 18:46146
     
  585. Sternbach RA (1986) Survey of pain in the United States: The Nuprin Pain Report. Clin J Pain 2: 49-53
     
  586. Stewart W, Shechter A, Rasmussen BK (1994) Migraine prevalence. A review of population-based studies. Neuro logy44: S17-23
     
  587. Stiftung Warentest (Hrsg.) (1993): Ratgeber"Kopfschmerzen und Migräne". Stiftung Warentest-Vertrieb Stuttgart, 159 Seiten, DM 16,80
     
  588. Stojamovic MP (2001) Stimulation methods for neuropathic pain control. Curr Pain Headache Rep 5:130-137
     
  589. Stratton Hill C (1996) Government regulatory influences on opioid prescribing and their impact on the treatment of pain of nonmalignant origin. J Pain Symptom Manage 11 :287-98
     
  590. Streisand JB, Stanley TH (1995) Newer drug delivery systems. Curr Anaesth Crit Care 6:113-20
     
  591. Strumpf M, Donner B, Zenz M (1995) Morphin-Retardgranulat zur Therapie inkurabler Schmerzen tumorbedingter und nichttumorbedingter Genese. Pilotstudie. Schmerz 9:14046
     
  592. Stubbing JF, Jellicoe JA (1988) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation after thoracotomy. Pain relief and peak expiratory flow rate - a trial of transcutaneous eletrical nerve stimulation. Anaesthesia 43:296-98
     
  593. Stubhaug A, Breivik H (1997) Longterm treatment of chronic neuropathic pain with the NMDA (N-methyl-D aspartate) receptor antagonist ketamine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41: 329-331
     
  594. Stubhaug A, Breivik H, Eide PK, Kreunen M, Foss A (1997) Mapping of punctuate hyperalgesia around a surgical incision demonstrates that ketamine is a powerful suppressor of central sensitization to pain following surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:1 124-1 132
     
  595. Subramaniam K, Subramanian B, Pawar DK, Kumar L (2001 ) Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of epidural ketamine combined with morphine for postoperative analgesia after major upper abdominal surgery. J Clin Anesth 1 3:33944
     
  596. Svoboda, T. (1986): Schmerzen psychologisch überwinden. Ein Selbsthilfe-Buch. Schönbergers-Verlag München, 204 Seiten
     
  597. Svoboda, T. (1994): Wege aus dem Kopfschmerz. Wie Sie sich selbst bei chronischen Kopfschmerzen helfen können. PAL Verlagsgesellschaft Mannheim, 106 Seiten
     
  598. Syrjala KL, Cummings C, Donaldson GW (1992) Hypnosis or cognitive behavioural training for reducing pain and nausea during cancer treatment: A controlled trial. Pain 48:137-146
     
  599. Taboada A (1993) lontoforesis con una asociacion farmacologica en el tratamiento del dolor en pacientes neoplasicos (lontophores with pharmacological association in the management of pain in neoplastic patients). Prensa Med Argent 80:426-28
     
  600. Tait RC, Chibnall JT, Krause S ( 1990) The pain disability index: psychometric properties. Pain 40: 172-182
     
  601. Takahashi H, Miyazaki M, Nanbu T, Yanagida H, Morita S (1998) The NMDA-receptor antagonist ketamine abolishes neuropathic pain after epidural administration in a clinical case. Pain 75:391-394
     
  602. Tan CH, Onsiong MK, Kua,SW (1998) The effect of ketamine pretreatment on propofol injection pain in 100 women. Anaesthesia 53:302-305
     
  603. Tan PH, Pemg JS, Lee CC, Liu K (1997) Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with morphine or morphine plus ketamine for postoperative pain relief. Eur J Anaesthesiol 14:534-535
     
  604. Taniguchi K, Miyagawa A, Mizutani A, Honda H, Oyama T (1995) The effect of calcium channel antagonist administered by iontophoresis on the pain threshold. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 46:69-73
     
  605. Taniguchi K, Miyagawa A, Mizutani A, Honda N, Oyama T (1995) Reversal of calcium channel blocker-induced elevation of pain threshold by calcium ions. Pain Clinic 8:251-54
     
  606. Taniguchi K, Yoshitake S, Iwasaka H, Honda N, Oyama T (1995) The effects of imipramine, amitriptyline and cioni dine administered by iontophoriesis on the pain threshold. Acta Aneesthesiol Belg 46:121-25
     
  607. Tarumi Y, Watanabe S (2000) High-dose ketamine in the management of cancer-related neuropathic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 19:405-6
     
  608. Taub A (1982) Opiold analgesics in the treatment of chronbic intractable pain of non-neoplastic origin. In; Kitahata LM, Collins JG (eds) Narcotic analgesics in anesthesiology. Williams & Wilkins. Baltimore: 199-208
     
  609. Taub E, Munz M, Tasker RR (1997) Chronic electrical stimulation of the gasserian ganglion for the relief of pain in a series of 34 patients. J Neurosurg 86 : 197-202
     
  610. Taubert, K. (1988) Zur Pathogenese der Migräne. Z Ärztl Fortb 82: 1227-1238
     
  611. Taylor AG, West BA, Simon B, Skelton J, Rowlingson JC (1983) How effective is TENS for acute pain? Am J Nurs 83:1171-74
     
  612. Taylor H, Curren NM (1985) The Nuprin Pain Report. Louls Harris, New York Unruh AM, Ritchie J, Merskey H (1999) Does gender affect appraisal of pain and pain coping strategies? Clin J Pain 15:3140
     
  613. Ten Vaarwerk IAM, Jessurun GAJ, Dejongste MJL, Andersen C, Mannheimer C, Eliasson T, Tadema W, Staal MJ (1999) Clinical outcome of patients treated with spinal cord stimulation for therapeutically refractory angina pectoris. Heart 82:82-88.
     
  614. Tennant FS, Robinson D, Sagherian A, Seecof R (1998) Chronic opioid treatment of intractable, nonmalignant pain. Pain Manege (Jan/Feb) 18-36
     
  615. Tennant FS, Uelmen GF (1983) Narcotic maintenance for chronic pain. Postgrad Med 73:81-94
     
  616. Ter Kuile MM, Spinhoven P, Linssen AC, Zitman FG, van Dyck R (1994) Autogenic training and cognitive self hypnosis for the treatment of recurrent headaches in three different subject groups. Pain 58:331-340
     
  617. Thomas, S.: Massage bei Beschwerden. Mosaik Verlag, DM 26,00
     
  618. Thomsen AB, Becker N, Eriksen J (1999) Opioid rotation in chronic non-malignant pain patients. A retrospective study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 43:918-923
     
  619. Thomsen AB, Sorensen J, Sjogren P, Eriksen J (2001 ) Economic evaluation of multidisciplinary pain management in chronic pain patients, a quantitative systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 22:688498
     
  620. Thorsteinsson G, Stonnington HH, Stillwell GK, Elveback LR (1978) The placebo effect of transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Pain 5:3141
     
  621. Thysman S, Prgat V (1993) In vivo iontophoresis of fentanyl and sufentanil in rats: pharmacokinetics and acute antinociceptive effects. Anesth Analg 77:6146
     
  622. Ticho U, Olshwang D, Magora F (1980) Relief of pain by subcutaneous electrical stimulation after ocular surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 89:803-8
     
  623. Toliver KT, Berger JM, Pardo ES (1997) Review of herpes zoster. Semin Anesth 16:127-131
     
  624. Torres l.M.X, Arias I Gassol A., Collado Cruz A, Cerda Gabaroi D, Vilarrasa R, Valdes Miyar M, Munoz-Gomez J (2001 ) Multidisciplinary treatment of chronic pain with disability. Med Clin (Barc) 117:401-5
     
  625. Torres LM (1997) Management of non-oncological pain with morphine. Clin Drug Invest 14 (Suppl 1):1-5
     
  626. Trommier VM, Staubert A, Hahnel S. Sarem-Aslani A (1999) Magnetic resonance imaging with implanted neurostimulators: an in vitro and in vivo study. Neurosurgery 44:118-125, discussion 125-126
     
  627. Tromnier V, Winkelmüller W (2001) Neurochirurgische Methoden. In: Zenz M, luma I (Hrsg) Lehrbuch der Schmerztherapie. 2. Aufl. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart, S. 373-385
     
  628. Tromnier VM (2000) Percutaneous implant protocol. Eur J Pain 3 :402-403
     
  629. Tseng SH (2000) Treatment of chronic pain by spinal cord stimulation. I Formos Med Assoc 99:267-271
     
  630. Tsuneyoshi I, Kanmura Y, Hidaka T, Yoshimura N (1997) Beneficial effect of ketamine hydrochloride in phantom limb pain: Report of a case. J Anesth 11:309-310
     
  631. Turk DC (1996) Clinicians' attitudes about the prolonged use of opioids and the issue of patient heterogenicity. J Pain Symptom Manage 11:218-30
     
  632. Turk DC (1996) Efficacy of multidisciplinary pain centers in the treatment of chronic pain. In: MJM Cohen, JN Campbell (Eds) Pain treatment centers at a crossroad: A practical and conceptual reappraisal. Progress in Pain Research and Management 7:237-274. IASP Press Seattle
     
  633. Turk DC, Brody MC, Okifuji EA (1994) Physicians' attitudes and practices regarding the long-term prescribing of opioids for non-cancer pain. Pain 59:201-8
     
  634. Turk DC, Okifuji A (1996) Multidisciplinary approach to pain management: philosophy, operations, and efficacy. In: Ashburn MA, Rice LJ (Eds) The Management of Pain, pp 257-274. Churchill Livingston Baltimore
     
  635. Turk DC, Okifuji A (1997) What factors affect physicians' decisions to prescribe opioids for chronic noncancer pain patients? Clin J Pain 13:330-36
     
  636. Turk DC, Okifuji A (1998). Psychological approaches in pain management: what works? Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 11 :547-552
     
  637. Turk DC, Rudy TE (1990) Neglected factors in chronic pain treatment outcome studies - referral patterns, failure to enter treatment, and attritition. Pain 43:7-25
     
  638. Turk DC, Rudy TE (1990) Neglected topics in the treatment of chronic pain patients - relapse, noncompliance, and adherence enhancement, Pain 44:5-28
     
  639. Turk DC, Rudy TE, Sorkin BA (1993) Neglected topics in chronic pain treatment outcome studies: determination of success. Pain 53:3-16
     
  640. Turner JA, Calsyn DA, Fordyce WE, Ready BL (1982) Drug utilization patterns in chronic pain patients. Pain 12:357 - 63
     
  641. Tverskoy M, Oren M, Vaskovich M, Dashkovsky I, Kissin I (1996) Ketamine enhances local anesthetic and analgesic effects of bupivacaine by peripheral mechanism: A study in postoperative patients. Neurosci Lett 215:5-8
     
  642. Tverskoy M, Oz Y, Isakson A, Finger J, Bradley E, Kissin I (1994) Preemptive effect of fentanyl and ketamine on postoperative pain and wound hyperalgesia. Anesth Analg 78:205-209
     
  643. Twycross RG (1999) Opioids. In: PD Wall, R Melzack (eds) Textbook of pain. Charchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, p 1 187-1214
     
  644. Tyler E, Caldwell C, Ghia JN (1982) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: an alternative approach to the management of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 61 :449-56
     
  645. Ubbink DT, Spmcemaille GH, Prins MH, Reneman RS, Jacobs MI (1999) Microcirculatory investigations to determine the effect of spinal cord stimulation for critical leg ischemia: the Dutch multicenter randomized controlled trial. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 30:236-244
     
  646. Urban BJ, France RD, Steinberger DL, Scott DL, Maltbie M (1986) Long-term use of narcotic/antidepressant medication in the management of phantom limb pain. Pain 24:191 -197
     
  647. Urch CE, Chamberlain JH (1998) Ketamine analgesla in vasculitic pain. Br J Rheumatol 37:702-703
     
  648. Vallerand AH (1991) The use of opioid analgesics in chronic nonmalignant pain. Holist Nurs Pract 6:17-23
     
  649. van Dyck R, Zitman FG, Linssen AC, Spinhoven P (1991) Autogenic training and future oriented hypnotic imagery in the treatment of tension headache: Outcome and process: Int J Clin Exp Hypn 39:6-23
     
  650. van Poppel NMN, Koes BW, Deville W, Smid T, Bouter LM (1998) Risk factors for back pain incidence in industry: a prospective study. Pain 77:81-86
     
  651. VanderArk GD, McGrath KA (1975) Transcutaneous electrical stimulation in treatment of postoperative pain. Am J Surg 130:33840
     
  652. Verhaak PFM, Kerssens JJ, Dekker J, Sorbi MJ, Bensing JM (1998) Prevalence of chronic benign pain disorder among adults: a review of the literature. Pain 77:231-239
     
  653. Vidal J, Fenollosa P, Martm E, Barbera J, Robama FJ, Fuentes M, Palmero MR (2000) Safety and efficacy of intrathecal baclofen infusion by implantable pump for the treatment of severe spinal spasticity: A Spanish multicenter study. Neuromodulation 3:175-182
     
  654. Von Korff M, Dworkin SF, Le Resche L (1990) Graded chronic pain status: an epidemiologic evaluation. Pain 40:279-291
     
  655. Von Korff M, Dworkin SF, Le Resche L, Kruger A (1988) An epidemiologic comparison of pain complaints. Pain 32:173-183
     
  656. Von Korff M, Ormel J, Keefe FJ, Dworkin SF (1992) Grading the severity of chronic pain. Pain 50: 13349
     
  657. Vulpio C (1988) Transcutaneous electrical stimulation in the prevention of post-operative ileus and pain. Chir Patol Sper 36:3-13
     
  658. Wörz R (1993) Ein Verlauf 7jähriger Schmerztherapie mit Tilidin-Naloxon. Schmerz 7:4345
     
  659. Waidbauser E, Steude U (1994) Evaluation of patients with atypical trigeminal neuralgia for permanent electrode implant by test stimulation of the ganglion gasseri. Stereotact funct Neurosurg 62:304-308
     
  660. Wakeman RJ, Kaplan JZ (1978) An experimental study of hypnosis in painful burns. Am J Clin Hypn 21:3-12
     
  661. Walker SM, Cousins MJ (1997) Reduction in hyperalgesia and intrathecal morphine requirements by low- dose ketamine infusion. J Pain Symptom Manage 14:129-133
     
  662. Walker SM, Cousins MJ (1997) Reduction in hyperalgesia and intrathecal morphine requirements by low-dose ketamine infusion. J Pain Symptom Manage 14:129-33
     
  663. Wall VJ, Womack W (1989) Hypnotic versus active cognitive strategies for the alleviation of procedural distress in pediatric oncology patients. Am J Clin Hypn 31:181-191
     
  664. Wambach S, Rohr P, Häuser W (2001) Opioldtherapiemissbrauch bei anhaltender somatoformer Schmerzstörung. Zur Indikationsdiskussion von Opioiden bei chronisch benignen Schmerzsyndromen aus psychosomatisch schmerztherapeutischer Sicht. Schmerz 15:254-64
     
  665. Wamcke T, Stubhaug A, Jorum E (1997) Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, suppresses spatial and temporal properties of bum-induced secondary hyperalgesia in man: A double-blind, cross-over comparison with morphine and placebo. Pain 72:99-106
     
  666. Warfield CA, Stein JM, Frank HA (1985) The effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on pain after Thoracotomy. Ann Thorac Surg 39:46245
     
  667. Wartan SW, Hamann W, Wedley JR, McColl I (1997) Phantom pain and sensation among British veteran amputees. Br J Anaesth 78:652-59
     
  668. Watanabe K, Koshi I, Tsukada K, Ogasawara T, Kasahara H (1995) Analgesic effect of the combination of ionto phoresis of lidocaine and a very fine needle for the injection of the oral infiltration anesthesia. J Jpn Dent Soc Anesthesiol 23:723-33
     
  669. Watson CPN (1994) Antidepressant drugs as adjuvant analgesics. J Pain Symptom Manage 9:392405
     
  670. Weber C (1998) NMDA-Rezeptorantagonisten in der Schmerztherapie. Anaesthesiol Intensivmed Noffallmed Schmerzther 33:475483
     
  671. Weber, A. (1991): Schmerz und Schmerzkrankheiten. Ursachen und Behandlung von akuten und chronischen Schmerzzuständen. TRIAS - Verlag (Thieme Hippokrates Enke) Stuttgart, 148 Seiten, DM 26,80
     
  672. Weinstein JE, Au PK (1991) Use of hypnosis before and during angioplasty. Am J Clin Hypn 34:29-37
     
  673. Weiss SC, Emanuel LL, Fairciough DL, Emanuel EJ (2001) Understanding the experience of pain in terminally ill patients. Lancet 357:1311 -1315
     
  674. Whorwell PJ, Prior A, Farragher EB (1984) Controlled trial of hypnotherapy in the treatment of severe, refractory irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet 2:1232-1234
     
  675. Wiebalck A, Zenz M (1997) Opioid treatment of patients with non-cancer pain. European Society of Anaesthesiologists (1997) 5th ESA Annual Meeting, Lausanne 3-6 May 1997. Refresher Course Lectures, pp 191 - 95
     
  676. Wiedemann B (1997) Ketamin zur Therapie chronischer Schmerzen: Metaanalyse. Schmerz 11: 276-281
     
  677. Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z (1998) Combined opioid-NMDA antagonist therapies. What advantages do they offer for the control of pain syndromes? Drugs 55:14
     
  678. Wilder-Smith CH, Hill L, Spargo K, Kalla A (2001) Treatment of severe pain from osteoarthritis with slow-release tramadol or dihydrocodeine in combination with NSAID's: a randomised study comparing analgesla, antinociception and gastrointestinal effects. Pain 91 :23-31
     
  679. Wilder-Smith OHG, Arendt-Nielsen L, Gaumann D, Tassonyi E, Rifat KR (1998) Sensory changes and pain after abdominal hysterectomy: A comparison of anesthetic supplementation with fentanyl versus magnesium or ketamine. Anesth Analg 86:95-101
     
  680. Williams PL, Riviere `)E (1992) Model describing transdermal iontophoretic delivery of lidocaine incorporating consideration of cutaneous microvascular state. J Pharm Sci 82: 1090-84
     
  681. Willis KD, Doleys DM (1999) The effect of long-term intraspinal infusion therapy with noncancer pain patients: evaluation of patient, significant-other, and clinic staff appraisals. Neuromodulation 2:241-253.
     
  682. Willweber-Strumpf A, Zenz M, Bartz D (2000) Epidemiologie chronischer Schmerzen. Eine Befragung in 5 Fach arztpraxen in Bochum. Schmerz 14:84-91
     
  683. Willweber-Strumpf A, Zenz M, Tryba M (1995) Leitlinien zur Therapie chronischer Schmerzen mit Opiolden. Ergeb nisse des Sertümer-Workshops Chronische Opioidtherapie. Anaesthesist 44:719-23
     
  684. Winkelmüller M, Winkelmüller W (1996) Long-term effects of continuous intrathecal opioid treatment in chronic pain of nonmalignant etiology. J Neurosurg 85:458-467
     
  685. Winkelmüller W (1999) Neuromodulationstechniken in der Behandlung chronischer Schmerzkrankheiten. Nervenheilkunde 18:250-256
     
  686. Winkelmüller W, Burchiel K, Van Buyten I-P (1999) Intrathecal opioid therapy for pain: efficacy and outcomes. Neuromodulation 2:67-76
     
  687. Wolf B, Traue H, Bischoff C (1982) Epidemiologische Befunde zur Annahme einer Kontinultät von Spannungskopf schmerz zu Migräne. Medizinische Psychologie 8:194-209
     
  688. Wolf Cramer B (1984) Zum Problem der Diagnostik des Spannungskopfschmerzes. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 34, 81-89
     
  689. Wong CS, Liaw WJ, Tung CS, Su YF, Ho ST (1996) Ketamine potentiates analgesic effect of morphine in post operative epidural pain control. Reg Anesth 21:534-541
     
  690. Wong CS, Lu CC, Cherng CH, Ho ST (1997) Pre-emptive analgesia with ketamine, morphine and epidural lidocaine prior to total knee replacement. Can J Anaesth 44:31-37
     
  691. Woo R, Seltzer JL (1987) Pain control for the urologist.Urol Clin North Am 14:405-17
     
  692. Wood T, Sloan R (1997) Successful use of ketamine for central pain. Palliative Med 11:57
     
  693. Woodroffe MA; Hays H (1997) Fentanyl transdermal system. Pain management at home. Can Fam Physician 43:268-72
     
  694. Yaksh TL (1996) Epidural ketamine: A useful, mechanistically novel adjuvant for epidural morphine? Reg Anesth 21 :508-51 3
     
  695. Yang CY, Wong CS, Chang JY, Ho ST (1996) Intrathecal ketamine reduces morphine requlrements in patients with terminal cancer pain. Can J Anaesth 43:376-383
     
  696. Yoshitake S, Taniguchi K, Miyagawa A, Miyamoto M, Mizutani A, Ikebe H, Oda S, Honda N (1992) Analgesic effects of iontophoresis with imipramine, amitriptyline and cionidine. Hiroshima J Anesth 28:25-28
     
  697. Zagari MJ, Mazonson PD, Longton WC (1996) Pharmacoeconomics of chronic nonmalignant pain. PharmacoEconomics 10:356-77
     
  698. Zeltzer L, Regalado M, Nichter LS, Barton D, Jennings S, Pitt L (1991) lontophoresis versus subcutaneous injection: a comparison of two methods of local anesthesia delivery in children. Pain 44:73-78
     
  699. Zeltzer LK, Dolgin MJ, LeBaron C (1991) A randomized controlled study of behavioral intervention for chemotherapy distress in children with cancer. Pediatrics 88:3442
     
  700. Zenz M (1991) Morphine myths: sedation, tolerance, addiction. Postgrad Med J 67 (Suppl 5):S100-S102
     
  701. Zenz M, Strumpf M, Tryba M (1989) Opioide bei "nicht-malignem" Schmerz. In: Dethlefsen U (Hrsg) Chronischer Schmerz - Therapiekonzepte. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York: 109-16
     
  702. Zenz M, Strumpf M, Tryba M (1992) Long-term oral opioid therapy in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 7:69-77
     
  703. Zenz M, Strumpf M, Willweber-Strumpf A (1990) Orale Opiattherapie bei Patienten mit "nicht-malignen" Schmerzen. Schmerz 4:14-21
     
  704. Zenz T, Zenz M, Tryba M (1994) Schmerztherapie bei Herpes zoster und postzosterischer Neuralgie. Schmerz 8:24-36
     
  705. Ziegler-DK (1997) Opioids in headache treatment: Is there a role? Neurol Clin 15: 199-207
     
  706. Zimmermann M (1994) Epidemiologie des Schmerzes. Internist 35:2-7
     
  707. Zimmermann M (2000) Epidemiologie des Schmerzes. Schmerz 14:6748
     
  708. Zimmermann M (2001) Die Versorgung von Patienten mit chronischen Schmerzen. Defeite und Zukunftsperspektiven. Schmerz 15:85-91
     
  709. Zimmermann, M. und W. Möller-Streitbörger (1995): Der Schmerz. Broschüre aus der TK-Schriftenreihe zur gesundheitsbewußten Lebensführung (kann bei der Techniker Krankenkasse kostenlos angefordert werden), 51 Seiten